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Abstract
While the process of reform which took place in the British West Indies following widespread riots in the 1930s was clearly set in motion by the anti-colonial class struggle against authoritarian plantocratic regimes, it was ultimately mediated, muted, and mandated by the investigations and recommendations of the Royal Commission of Enquiry dispatched by the Colonial Office in the wake of the rebellion. In this paper, I focus on the intense inquiry into the status of children and young persons (with respect to family, health, education, employment, the penal system, and public welfare) conducted by the commissioners, specifically on the island of Barbados. I examine the commission's two week-long hearings as a site of negotiation, often contentious, among both Colonial Office-appointed and local reformers, local plantocratic elites, and (as a decidedly minority voice) local anti-colonial nationalist forces. The recordings of the commissioners’ meetings with various groups, indicating both the direction of their questions and the answers they received (along with their own comments and repartees), offer an insight into the process by which reform was ultimately shaped and managed in Barbados and elsewhere, connecting the British West Indies to a more global liberal-imperial reform and restructuring project. The commissioners, acting as authoritative transatlantic vectors of liberal imperialism, took aim at both the oligarchy and the dysfunctional culture of the laboring classes. The focus on Barbados yields particularly rich insights because of its British West Indian profile of a “double-edged exceptionalism” – with a system that was at once the most punitive and the most extensive provider of schooling with regard to children. I use the context of the Moyne Commission inquiry to examine both the historical record of the treatment of children and youth by the Barbadian state and the “managed” negotiation of reform under the stewardship of authorities of British liberal imperialism.
Acknowledgements
I would like to thank the two anonymous reviewers whose comments on this paper contributed to a greatly improved final draft.
Notes on contributor
Cecilia A. Green is an associate professor in the Department of Sociology at Syracuse University's Maxwell School. Her articles have been published in numerous journals, including Latin American Research Review, Law and History Review, New West Indian Guide, Social and Economic Studies, Race & Class, Journal of the History of Childhood and Youth, Comparative Studies in Society and History, and the Journal of Caribbean History. Professor Green studies both historical and contemporary Anglophone Caribbean societies, focusing on intersections of gender, race, class, and generation, as well as on intersections of political-economic, moral, and disciplinary regimes. She also writes more broadly on development theory and political-economic thought in colonial and postcolonial contexts.
Notes
1. The transcripts were not officially authorized.
2. Fraser, “Twilight of Colonial Rule,” 6.
3. Johnson, “Political Uses,” 271.
4. Harrison, “The Colonial Legacy,” 63.
5. Harrison, “The Colonial Legacy,” 55.
6. Best, “Outlines of a Model.”
7. Newton, The Silver Men.
8. Beckles, A History of Barbados, 8.
9. Cited in Lowenthal, “The Population of Barbados,” 453.
10. West Indies Royal Commission [henceforth WIRC], 21.
11. Richardson, Panama Money in Barbados, 57.
12. WIRC, 47.
13. Great Britain, Report…(1897), 207.
14. Great Britain, Report…(1897), 204–23.
15. Green, “Disciplining Boys,” “The Abandoned Lower Class.”
16. Richardson, Panama Money in Barbados, 72–6.
17. Roberts, “Emigration from the Island,” 1955.
18. Green, “Disciplining Boys,” 372–3.
19. Fletcher, “Evolution of Poor Relief,” 173.
20. WIRC, 32.
21. WIRC, 39.
22. WIRC, 38.
23. See my own “Disciplining Boys,” “The Abandoned Lower Class,” and “Local Geographies of Crime and Punishment.”
24. Miller, Education for All, 120.
25. Green, “Disciplining Boys,” 383.
26. Green, “Disciplining Boys,” 386.
27. Green, “Disciplining Boys,” 386.
28. WIRC, 69–70.
29. WIRC, 72.
30. WIRC, 62.
31. Bush, Edwardian Ladies, 118.
32. Harrison, “For Church, Queen, and Family.”
33. Harrison, “For Church, Queen, and Family”, 109.
34. WIRC, 47.
35. Colonial Office, Annual Report on Barbados for 1938–39, 12.
36. WIRC, 86.
37. CO 28/302, Confidential Report, n.p.
38. Seekings, “Pa's Pension” (2007), 530–1.
39. Seekings, “Pa's Pension” (2007), 544.
40. Seekings, “Pa's Pension” (2006), 27.
41. Seekings, “Pa's Pension” (2007), 540.
42. Seekings, “Pa's Pension” (2007), 541.
43. WIRC, 46.
44. WIRC, 47.
45. WIRC, 48.
46. WIRC, 57.
47. Colonial Office, Annual Report on Barbados for 1938–39, 22.
48. WIRC, 57.
49. WIRC, 17.
50. WIRC, 176.
51. WIRC, 57.
52. WIRC, 47.
53. WIRC, 57.
54. WIRC, 113.
55. WIRC, 80.
56. WIRC, 66.
57. WIRC, 48.
58. WIRC, 66.
59. WIRC, 59.
60. WIRC, 116.
61. WIRC, 115.
62. WIRC, 115.
63. WIRC, 117.
64. WIRC, 38.
65. WIRC, 153.
66. WIRC, 47.
67. WIRC, 47.
68. WIRC, 176, 56.
69. WIRC, 20.
70. WIRC, 28.
71. WIRC, 174.
72. Paterson Report, 2.
73. Paterson Report, 2.
74. Paterson Report, 3.
75. WIRC, 7.
76. WIRC, 67.
77. WIRC, 70.
78. WIRC, 70.
79. WIRC, 9.
80. WIRC, 8.
81. WIRC, 9.
82. WIRC, 9, 72.
83. WIRC, 72.
84. WIRC, 9, 72.
85. WIRC, 70.
86. WIRC, 7–10.
87. French, “Colonial Policy towards Women.”
88. WIRC, 60–3.
89. WIRC, 72.
90. WIRC, 68, 67, 66 respectively.
91. WIRC, 83–4.
92. WIRC, 70.