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Abstract
Archaeological research conducted on the Rio Pongo, Guinea, has explored the setting of the nineteenth century “illegal” slave trade and its consequences for the European, American, and African traders engaged in that commerce. Excavated material, coupled with mapping of archaeological features, is employed to investigate the degree to which the trading entities and the local residents were entangled in the Atlantic World that spanned four continents.
Acknowledgements
This article is dedicated to the memory of Ahmed Tidjane Cissé, former Minister of Culture and Historical Patrimony of Guinea. Minister Cissé was unflagging in his support of this project, and was a tremendous advocate for the preservation of Guinean heritage in all forms. His guidance and advocacy will be missed. We wish to acknowledge the cooperation and support of the residents of Bangalan, Sanya Paulia and Farenya for their welcome and assistance. We gratefully thank Encore-Dubai for their generous donation of metal detecting equipment.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
Funding
The financial support essential for this project came from a variety of sources, including a Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research International Collaborative Grant, The American Philosophical Society Franklin Research Grant, and the University of South Carolina ASPIRE research grant program. Their support is gratefully acknowledged. Logistical support in Guinea was provided by the US Embassy and Ms Nancy Estes, USAID.
Notes on Contributors
Kenneth G. Kelly is Professor and Chair of the Department of Anthropology at the University of South Carolina, Columbia. His archaeological career has focused on bridging the Atlantic by conducting research on sites associated with the slave trade in West Africa, and plantation slavery in the Caribbean. Prior to his work in Guinea reported here, he directed excavations at the site of Savi, capital of the slave trading Hueda state in coastal Bénin, and he has directed long-term archaeological work at two plantation sites in Guadeloupe and one in Martinique. His research has been supported by grants from the Fulbright Program, the Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research, the American Philosophical Society, and the French Ministry of Culture. Professor Kelly has published the results of his work in a variety of edited volumes and journals, including American Anthropologist, World Archaeology, the Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, Archéologiques, Journal of Caribbean Archaeology, and Ethnohistory.
Elhadj Ibrahima Fall is Rector of the Université Nelson Mandela, Conakry, where he is also Maître de conferences in Anthropology. He is also an Adjunct Professor at the Université General Lansana Conte de Sonfonia, Conakry. As Executive Director of the Centre d’Études et de Recherches du Patrimoine issue de l'Esclavage (CERPESC), he has promoted the preservation and study of the heritage of the slave trade within Guinea.
Notes
1. Brooks, Landlords and Strangers, 135–137, 168–169; Mouser, “Landlords-Strangers,” 429.
2. Kelly, “(African) Atlantic Creoles,” 1. See also Berlin, “Atlantic Creoles.” On material practice, see Mark, “Portuguese” Style.
3. Fields-Black, Deep Roots, 168; Kelly, “Preliminary Archaeological Reconnaissance,” 24; Kelly, “Archaeological Perspectives,” 136–137; Mouser, American Colony, 4.
4. Hawthorne, Planting Rice, 80; Levtzion, Islam, VII:29; Mouser, “Landlords-Strangers,” 431, 433; Mouser, American Colony, 7.
5. Blackburn, Overthrow of Colonial Slavery, 394–395; Misevich, “Origins,” 162; Moráguez, “African Origins,” 188.
6. Ministère de la Culture et Patrimoine Historique, Memoire de Farenya.
7. Kelly, “Preliminary Archaeological Reconnaissance,” 24–31.
8. Law, From Slave Trade, 1; Mouser, “Continuing British Interest,” 774.
9. Mayer, Captain Canot, 73.
10. Diallo, “Implantation Coloniale,” 15; Mouser, American Colony, 47–49; Schafer, “Family Ties,” 2.
11. Mouser, American Colony, 5; Mouser, Voyage, cover illustration.
12. Mark, Portuguese Style, 77–78.
13. Mayer, Captain Canot, 233; Mouser, “Trade and Politics,” 107.
14. See Fields-Black, Deep Roots, 182.
15. Fields-Black, Deep Roots, 168.
16. Mark, “Portuguese” Style.
17. Mouser, American Colony, 50.
18. Mouser, American Colony, 50.
19. Sidibé, Ecumes.
20. Baldé, “Rio Pongo”; Diallo, “Implantation Coloniale”; Sorry, “Monograph Historique”.
21. Montgomery, “Lightbourns of Farenya,” 19.
22. Kelly, “Preliminary Archaeological Reconnaissance,” 24–29.
23. Baldé, “Rio Pongo,” 13.
24. Baldé, “Rio Pongo,” 12.
25. Barrow, Fifty Years, 154.
26. Sorry, “Monograph Historique,” 34.
27. Mouser, “Trade and Politics,” 91.
28. Barrow, Fifty Years, 132.
29. Diallo, “Implantation Coloniale,” 58.
30. Mayer, Captain Canot, 97. In Canot's text Gambia is spelled Kambia.
31. Diallo, “Implantation Coloniale”.