The Black Atlantic: Exploring Gilroy's legacy

Abstract

This essay reviews published responses to Paul Gilroy's The Black Atlantic (1993). The essay begins by summarizing Gilroy's main arguments and considering the significance of his term “double consciousness,” both as a theme and as a theoretical approach. It goes on to examine reviews, articles, books and journal special issues, spanning from 1994 to 2008, which either engage directly with Gilroy's text or make use of his term “black Atlantic” as a basis for further research. Early reviews of The Black Atlantic balance its shortcomings against its groundbreaking potential, envisaging that the book will generate discussions for years to come across a range of disciplines. Analysis of more recent literary criticism and cultural theory which draws on Gilroy's ideas, taking them in a variety of often conflicting directions, demonstrates the accuracy of this prediction. The essay looks first at critics’ commentaries on the scope of Gilroy's project, whether they aim to extend it so that it encompasses a broader range of social and cultural contexts, or to narrow its focus in a way which illuminates its relevance for a particular country or region. Readings of The Black Atlantic asserting the need to incorporate the Pacific and the Indian diaspora into Gilroy's black Atlantic vision, or to transform his “counterculture of modernity” into a more general notion of anti-colonial resistance, are compared to readings which seek to ground Gilroy's theoretical framework within the social realities of Africa, the Caribbean, or Canada. The essay then explores the work of critics and theorists who have identified problems with Gilroy's style, viewing his black Atlantic model as dangerously abstracted from the material world, and discussing the limitations of his postnational stance. I argue that the apparent inconsistencies within Gilroy's theoretical framework have led to productive debates and significant shifts in methodology within literary and cultural studies.

Keywords:

• Paul Gilroy
• black Atlantic
• slavery
• modernity
• nationalism
• transnationalism

Notes

1. Gilroy, The Black Atlantic, 1. All further references will be marked in parentheses.

2. Winant, “Notes,” 7.

3. Winant, “Notes,”, 7.

4. Reid-Pharr, “Engendering the Black Atlantic,” 12.

5. Reid-Pharr, “Engendering the Black Atlantic,”, 11.

6. Reid-Pharr, “Engendering the Black Atlantic,”, 12.

7. Lipsitz, “The Black Atlantic,” 194.

8. Goebel and Schabio, “Introduction,” 3–4.

9. Goebel and Schabio, “Introduction,”, 4.

10. Goebel and Schabio, “Introduction,”, 4.

11. Williams, “The Black Atlantic,” 188.

12. Pettinger, “Introduction,” x.

13. Pettinger, “Introduction,”, x.

14. De Souza and Murdoch, “Oceanic Dialogues,” 134.

15. De Souza and Murdoch, “Oceanic Dialogues,” 134.

16. Gruesser, Confluences, 5.

17. Gruesser, Confluences, 96.

18. Gruesser, Confluences, 97.

19. Gruesser, Confluences, 98.

20. Chambers, “The Black Atlantic,” 157.

21. Chambers, “The Black Atlantic,”, 161.

22. Chambers, “The Black Atlantic,”, 166.

23. Chambers, “The Black Atlantic,”, 154.

24. Chude-Sokei, “The Black Atlantic Paradigm,” 744.

25. Olver and Meyer, “Introduction,” 2.

26. Olver and Meyer, “Introduction,”, 8.

27. Olver and Meyer, “Introduction,”, 5.

28. Olver and Meyer, “Introduction,”, 6.

29. Piot, “Atlantic Aporias,” 156.

30. Edwards, “Some Routes Not Taken,” 29.

31. Edwards, “Some Routes Not Taken,”, 30.

32. Edwards, “Some Routes Not Taken,”, 33.

33. Brydon, “Detour Canada,” 114.

34. Brydon, “Detour Canada,”, 120.

35. Clarke, “Must All Blackness Be American?,” 65.

36. Clarke, “Must All Blackness Be American?,”, 66.

37. Clarke, “Must All Blackness Be American?,”, 65.

38. Clarke, “Must All Blackness Be American?,”, 66.

39. Brydon, 120.

40. Clarke, 67.

41. Masilela, “African Modernity,” 88.

42. Barnes, “Black Atlantic – Black America,” 106.

43. Barnes, “Black Atlantic – Black America,”, 107.

44. Chrisman, Postcolonial Contraventions, 73.

45. Barnes, “Black Atlantic – Black America,”, 78.

46. Barnes, “Black Atlantic – Black America,”, 76–7.

47. Gunning, “Anti-Racism,” 29.

48. Gunning, “Anti-Racism,”, 34.

49. Gunning, “Anti-Racism,”, 41.

50. Puri, The Caribbean Postcolonial, 19.

51. Puri, The Caribbean Postcolonial, 29.

52. Puri, The Caribbean Postcolonial, 28–9.

53. Puri, The Caribbean Postcolonial, 28.

54. Puri, The Caribbean Postcolonial, 29.

55. Giles, Transatlantic Insurrections, 8.

56. Giles, Transatlantic Insurrections, 9.

57. Puri, The Caribbean Postcolonial, 30.

58. Rothberg, “Small Acts, Global Acts,” 5.

59. Lazarus, Nationalism and Cultural Practice, 61.

60. Dayan, “Slaves, Ships, and Routes,” 189.

61. Dayan, “Slaves, Ships, and Routes,”, 193–4.

62. Chrisman, Postcolonial Contraventions, 75.

63. Dayan, “Slaves, Ships, and Routes,” 188–9.

64. Donnell, Twentieth-Century Caribbean Literature, 81.

65. Donnell, Twentieth-Century Caribbean Literature, 80.

66. Donnell, Twentieth-Century Caribbean Literature, 82.

67. Bauman, Liquid Modernity, 14.