Posting Racism and Sexism: Authenticity, Agency and Self-Reflexivity in Social Media

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Notes

[1] John Berger, Ways of seeing (London: Penguin Books, 1972); Laura Mulvey, “Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema,” in Feminisms: An Anthology of Literary Theory and Criticism, eds. Robyn R. Warhol and Diane Price Herndi (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1997); Marita Sturken and Lisa Carthwright, Practices of Looking: An Introduction to Visual Culture (Oxford, CT: Oxford University Press, 2001).

[2] This commentary uses as a jumping-off point a chapter we wrote titled “Gender, Race, and Authenticity: Celebrity Women Tweeting for the Gaze” for the forthcoming collected volume by Duke University Press, Feminist Surveillance Studies, ed. Rachel E. Dubrofsky and Shoshana A. Magnet.

[3] Laura Mulvey, “Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema,” Screen 16, issue 3 (1975): 6–18.

[4] bell hooks, Black Looks: Race and Representation (Boston, MA: South End Press, 1992).

[5] Bonnie Dow, Prime-Time Feminism: Television, Media Culture, and the Women's Movement Since 1970 (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1996); Sarah Projansky, Watching Rape: Film and Television in Post-feminist Culture (New York: New York University Press, 2001); Suzanna Danuta Walters, Material girls: Making Sense of Feminist Cultural Theory (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1995).

[6] Angela McRobbie, “Young Women and Consumer Culture,” Cultural Studies 22, issue 5 (2008).

[7] Feona Attwood, “Through the Looking Glass? Sexual Agency and Subjectification in Cyberspace,” in New Femininities: Postfeminism, Neoliberalism and Subjectivity, eds. Rosalind Gill and Christina Scharff (Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011); Sarah Banet-Weiser, “Brandin the post-feminist self: Girls' video productions and Youtube,” in Mediated Girlhoods: Explorations of Girls' Media Culture, ed. Mary Celeste Kearney (New York: Peter Lang, 2011); J. Ringrose, “Are You Sexy, Flirty, or a Slut? Exploring ‘Sexualization’ and How Teen Girls Perform/Negotiate Digital Sexual Identity on Social Networking Sites,” in New Femininities: Post-Feminism, Neoliberalism, and Subjectivity, eds. Rosalind Gill and Christina Scharff (New York: Palgrave, 2011).

[8] Megan M. Wood, “When Celebrity Women Tweet: Examining Authenticity, Empowerment, and Responsibility in the Surveillance of Celebrity Twitter,” (thesis, University of South Florida, 2013).

[9] Rachel E. Dubrofsky, “Surveillance on Reality Television and Facebook: from Authenticity to Flowing Data,” Communication Theory 21 (2011): 111–29.

[10] “Critical Feminist Interventions in New Media Studies” (panel sponsored by the Feminist and Women's Studies Division of the Annual Convention of the National Communication Association, Washington, DC, November 23, 2013).

[11] Miley: The Movement. Directed by Paul Bozymowski. Hollywood, CA: Radical Media, 2013.

[12] Miley: The Movement. Directed by Paul Bozymowski. Hollywood, CA: Radical Media, 2013.

[13] Miley: The Movement. Directed by Paul Bozymowski. Hollywood, CA: Radical Media, 2013.

[14] Hilary Lewis, “Miley Cyrus on ‘Racist’ VMA Criticism: ‘I Don't Keep My Dancers Around ‘Cause it Makes Me Look Cool,’” The Hollywood Reporter, http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/earshot/miley-cyrus-racist-vma-criticism-635529 (accessed January 20, 2014).

[15] Adelle Playton, “Miley Cyrus Asked For A ‘Black’ Sound For Single, Says Songwriters Rock City,” Vibe, http://www.vibe.com/article/miley-cyrus-asked-black-sound-single-says-songwriters-rock-city (accessed January 20, 2014).

[16] Kia Makarechi, “Miley Cyrus Likes ‘Hood Music,’ But Doesn't Want To Be A ‘Hood’ Person,” The Huffington Post, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/kia-makarechi/miley-cyrus-hood-music_b_3443927.html (accessed January 20, 2014).

[17] Lewis, “Miley Cyrus on ‘Racist’ VMA Criticism.”

[18] West, “A Complete Guide to ‘Hipster Racism,’” Jezebel.com (April 2012), http://jezebel.com/5905291/a-complete-guide-to-hipster-racism; Lim, “A Historical Guide to Hipster Racism, Racialicious.com (May 2012), http://www.racialicious.com/2012/05/02/a-historical-guide-to-hipster-racism/

[19] The idea that self-reflexivity is a privilege was noted by Radhika Gajjala during the “Critical Feminist Interventions in New Media Studies” panel (National Communication Association, Washington, DC, November 23, 2013).