Practical Salinity Management for Leachate Irrigation to Poplar Trees

Abstract

Landfill leachate can be beneficially reused for irrigation of fiber crops with appropriate attention to nutrient and salinity management. The Riverbend Landfill in Western Oregon has been effectively practicing irrigation of landfill leachate to poplar trees since 1993. Over that time, the site has been adaptively managed to control salinity impacts to the tree crop while beneficially utilizing the applied water and nutrients during each growing season. Representative leachate irrigation water has ranged in concentration of total dissolved solids from 777 to 6,940 mg/L, chloride from 180 to 1,760 mg/L and boron from 3.2 to 7.3 mg/L. Annual leachate irrigation applications have also ranged between 102 and 812 mm/yr. Important conclusions from this site have included: 1) Appropriate tree clone selection and tree stand spacing, thinning, and harvest rotations are critical to maintaining a productive tree stand that is resilient and resistant to salt stress. The most effective combinations have included clones DN-34, OP-367, 184–411, 49–177, and 15–29 planted at spacing of 3.7-m · 1.8-m to 3.7-m · 3.7-m; 2) Leaf tissue boron levels are closely correlated to soil boron levels and can be managed with leaching. When leaf tissue boron levels exceed 200 to 250 mg/kg, signs of salt stress may emerge and should be monitored closely; 3) Salinity from leachate irrigation can be managed to sustain a healthy tree crop by controlling mass loading rates and providing appropriate irrigation blending if necessary. Providing freshwater irrigation following each leachate irrigation and targeting freshwater irrigation as 30 percent of total irrigation water applied has successfully controlled salt impacts to vegetation; and 4) Drip irrigation generally requires more careful attention to long-term soil salinity management than spray irrigation. Moving drip irrigation tubes periodically to prevent the formation of highly saline zones within the soil profile is important. In this paper, a fifteen year record of monitoring and operational data are presented that can be used by others in managing irrigation of saline water to poplar trees. When salinity is carefully managed, tree systems can help to provide sustainable leachate management solutions for landfills.

KEY WORDS:

• poplar trees
• landfill leachate
• irrigation
• salinity
• boron

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This project has been made successful through the financial support of Waste Management, Inc. and through the personal commitment by individuals such as Dan Wilson, Mike Barber, and Aaron Vance at the Riverbend Landfill. Also critical to the project success were the consulting and monitoring expertise provided by Bill Schuette, Richard Shuren, Ray Ethell, Bruce Pratt, Landon Collom, Alicia Lanier, John Dickey, and Lou Licht and the construction and operations support provided by Cascade Water Systems. We would also like to thank Steve Rock and an anonymous reviewer who provided constructive comments and guidance on preparation of the manuscript.