Feasibility of Using Phytoextraction to Remediate a Compost-Based Soil Contaminated with Cadmium

Abstract

Greenhouse and in-situ field experiments were used to determine the potential for phytoextraction to remediate soil contaminated with Cd from municipal solid waste (MSW) and sewage sludge (SS) compost application at a Peterborough (Canada) site. For the greenhouse experiment, one native (Chenopodium album) and three naturalized (Poa compressa, Brassica juncea, Helianthus annuus) plant species were planted in soil containing no detectable Cd (<1.0 μg·g⁻¹), and soil from the site containing low (5.0 ± 0.3 μg·g⁻¹ Cd), and high (16.5 ± 1.2 μg⋅g⁻¹ Cd) Cd concentrations. Plant uptake was low (root BAFs ≤0.5) for all species except P. compressa in the low Cd treatment (BAF 1.0). Only B. juncea accumulated Cd in its shoots, though uptake was low (BAF ≤0.3). For the field experiment, B. juncea was planted in-situ in areas of low and high Cd concentrations. Brassica juncea Cd uptake was low (root and shoot BAFs <0.2) in both treatments. Sequential extraction analysis indicated that Cd is retained primarily by low bioavailability soil fractions, and phytoextraction is therefore not feasible at this site. Though low Cd bioavailability has negative implications for Cd phytoextraction from MSW/SS compost-based soils, it may limit receptor exposure to Cd sufficiently to eliminate the potential for risk at this site.

Keywords::

• municipal solid waste
• sewage sludge
• organic matter
• bioavailability
• sequential extraction

Acknowledgments

This work was funded by the Canada Research Chair (CDC-Zeeb-950-201938) and NSERC Discovery grant (Grant No. 311961) awarded to Dr. Zeeb, as well as the Collaborative Research and Development grant (Grant No. 444942) awarded to Drs. Zeeb and Rutter.