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ABSTRACT
Greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the potential effectiveness of a legume (Sesbania cannabina), arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) (Glomus mosseae), and rhizobia (Ensifer sp.) symbiosis for remediation of Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in spiked soil. AMF and rhizobia had a beneficial impact on each other in the triple symbiosis. AMF and/or rhizobia significantly increased plant biomass and PAHs accumulation in plants. The highest PAHs dissipation was observed in plant + AMF + rhizobia treated soil, in which >97 and 85–87% of phenanthrene and pyrene, respectively, had been degraded, whereas 81–85 and 72–75% had been degraded in plant-treated soil. During the experiment, a relatively large amount of water-soluble phenolic compounds was detected in soils of AMF and/or rhizobia treatment. It matches well with the high microbial activity and soil enzymes activity. These results suggest that the mutual interactions in the triple symbiosis enhanced PAHs degradation via stimulating both microbial development and soil enzyme activity. The mutual interactions between rhizobia and AMF help to improve phytoremediation efficiency of PAHs by S. cannabina.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Professors Hui Lin and Bing Zhao for kindly providing arbuscular mycorrhiza strains. They thank Professors Gladys Alexandre and Entao Wang for their insightful comments on the manuscript.
Funding
This work was financed by the Key Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant NO. KZZD-EW-14), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31601238, 31370108 and 31570063), One Hundred-Talent Plan of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Yantai Science and Technology Project (2013JH021), Yantai Key Project of Research and Development Plan (2016ZH074).