The importance of the calcium-to-magnesium ratio for phytoremediation of dairy industry wastewater using the aquatic plant Lemna minor L.

Abstract

Lemnaceae are being exploited to remediate a variety of different wastewaters. Our aim was to remediate dairy processing waste, which is produced in large amounts, and contains valuable plant nutrients, for example, nitrate, ammonium, phosphate and iron. However, initial trials failed to establish the growth of Lemna minor on this medium. A lack of growth can be due to a lack of essential plant nutrients, or the presence of phytotoxic ingredients. In this study we show that not just nutrient concentrations, but also the ratios between them can be important in facilitating growth. Lab-scale experiments in which L. minor were grown on 100 mL of synthetic dairy industry wastewater demonstrated that the skewed Ca:Mg ratio in synthetic wastewater is a key obstacle to good growth. Experiments showed that a ratio which favors magnesium over calcium negatively affects L. minor growth and photosynthetic yield, leading to RGRs as low as 0.05 day⁻¹. A change in this ratio to favor calcium, through the addition of calcium sulfate, leads to RGRs of 0.2–0.3 day⁻¹. Experiments lead us to conclude that a Ca:Mg ratio of 1:1.6 or greater is necessary for L. minor growth, and therefore phytoremediation of dairy industry processing wastewater.

Keywords:

• Dairy processing
• duckweed
• lemna
• phytoremediation
• toxicity
• wastewater

Acknowledgements

MJ acknowledges support by WoB.

Disclosure statement

The authors wish to disclose no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Funding

We wish to thank the Irish Environmental Protection Agency [grant 2016-W-LS-11] for funding this study.