Removal of malachite green from wastewater using date seeds as natural adsorbent; isotherms, kinetics, Thermodynamic, and batch adsorption process design

Abstract

This research explores the feasibility of using date seeds (DS), an agricultural waste, for the adsorption of malachite green (MG) dye from synthesized wastewater. The characterization of the DS before and after adsorption was accomplished by FTIR, SEM, BET, and EDX measurements. Batch adsorption experiments were investigated for MG dye adsorption from aqueous solution onto the DS. The effect of different parameters such as solution pH, adsorbent dose, contact time, temperature, and the initial dye concentration were studied. The optimum pH, adsorbent dose, temperature, and contact time for the dye removal were found to be 5, 0.1 g, 25 °C, and 30 min, respectively. The equilibrium studies for the data with Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin isotherms showed that Freundlich isotherm is the best model to describe the adsorption of MG onto the DS particles which has a heterogeneous surface. It was found that the adsorption process follows a pseudo-second-order kinetic model which revealed that the intra-particle diffusion stage is the rate-controlling stage for the process. The thermodynamic parameters ΔG, ΔS, and ΔH suggest the possibility of chemisorption and physisorption simultaneously and indicate the exothermic and spontaneous characters of the adsorption of MG dye on DS with negative values of ΔH and ΔG.

NOVELTY STATEMENT

This study used agriculture waste (date seeds) which is proved to be an environmentally friendly and low-cost adsorbent. The date seeds were shown to be a promising adsorbent, demonstrating high surface area and well-developed porosity. The prepared adsorbent will have a great impact on wastewater treatment technology and possible applications at a large scale. Thus, widespread and great progress in this area can be expected in the future.

Keywords:

• Adsorption
• date seeds
• isotherms
• kinetics
• malachite green
• thermodynamic

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful and would like to express their appreciation to the Higher Institute of Engineering and Technology in New Damietta, for its technical support.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).