High-resolution ice sheet surface mass-balance and spatiotemporal runoff simulations: Kangerlussuaq, west Greenland

ABSTRACT

The spatiotemporal distribution of freshwater runoff from the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) determines the hydrographic and circulation conditions in Greenlandic fjords. The distribution of GrIS first-order atmospheric forcings, surface mass-balance (SMB), including snow/ice melt, and freshwater river discharge from the Kangerlussuaq drainage catchment were simulated for the thirty-five-year period 1979/1980–2013/2014. ERA-Interim (ERA-I) products, together with the modeling software package SnowModel, were used with relatively high-resolutions of 3-h time steps and 5-km horizontal grid increments. SnowModel simulated and downscaled grid mean annual air temperature (MAAT) and SMB correspond well to point observations along a weather station transect (the K-transect). On average, simulated catchment runoff was, however, overestimated and subsequently adjusted against observed runoff. This overestimation could likely be because of missing multiyear firn processes, such as nonlinear meltwater retention, percolation blocked by ice layers, and refreezing. In the GrIS Kangerlussuaq catchment, the simulated thirty-five-year MAAT was −15.0 ± 1.4°C, with a mean 0° isotherm below 280 m a.s.l. near the ice sheet margin. At the ice sheet margin, on average, 45 percent of precipitation fell as snow. At 2,000 m a.s.l., snow constituted 98 percent of the total precipitation. At the catchment outlet of Watson River draining into the fjord Kangerlussuaq, 80 percent of the simulated runoff originated from GrIS ice melt, 15 percent from snowmelt, and 5 percent from rain.

KEYWORDS:

• ERA-I
• freshwater runoff
• Greenland Ice Sheet
• HydroFlow
• modeling
• SnowModel
• surface mass-balance

Acknowledgments

We extend a special thanks to the two anonymous reviewers for their insightful critique of this article. Observed point air temperature and surface mass-balance data from the K-transect were provided by the Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research (IMAU), Utrecht University, and Watson River discharge was monitored by B. Hasholt and A.B. Mikkelsen (University of Copenhagen, 2006–2013), and by D. van As and B. Hasholt (Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, 2014–present). All SnowModel/HydroFlow data requests should be addressed to the first author. The authors have no conflicts of interest.