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Abstract
Notes
1Note that there are different orientations to lingua frana English (LFE). Some scholars are on the quest to define LFE according to an identifiable grammatical and phonological system (see Jenkins, Citation2006; CitationSeidlhofer, 2004). This article is informed by the alternate school that focuses on the pragmatic features that enable LFE communication (see CitationHouse, 2003; CitationMeierkord, 2004).
2This section and the next are abbreviated versions from a more complex and elaborate discussion in CitationCanagarajah (in press).
3Some scholars (e.g., CitationHouse, 2003; CitationMeierkord, 2004; CitationSeidlhofer, 2004) use the acronym ELF (English as a lingua franca). I have retained their acronym when I quote these scholars.
4There is an attempt by some lingua franca English (LFE) scholars to identify the common aspects of phonological and grammatical form in LFE (see CitationJenkins, 2006; CitationSeidlhofer, 2004) for pedagogical purposes. However, it is debated as to whether these items constitute the finite and invariable rules of LFE that might constitute a system or whether they are simply a list of typical and exemplary features. From this perspective, it is also premature to say if LFE is teachable like other languages in a product-oriented and formalistic manner.
5The fact that I base this description on scholarship from non-Western scholars and communities does not imply that such features of multilingual communication have not existed in contexts of language contact in the West. It is simply that mainstream scholars have not adequately focused on them. Non-Western scholarship helps us discover the multilingual practices in the West.
6For a distinction between the social processes of modern and postmodern globalization, see CitationHall (1997) and CitationCanagarajah (2005).