Repeated Sampling of Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua) for Monitoring of Nondestructive Parameters During Exposure to a Synthetic Produced Water

Abstract

The past decades of monitoring discharges from oil and gas industry have revealed that although there are indications of adverse effects in tissues of aquatic organisms, little is known about their temporal development. Furthermore, observations in wild-caught individuals have not been clearly reproduced in laboratory studies or caging studies, and vice versa, and the results are therefore not easily interpretable. There is clearly a need for exposure studies designed for monitoring the development of effect markers in individual fish over chronic periods to low contaminant levels. Through repetitive nondestructive sampling, the progression of effects may be monitored in individuals, significantly reducing the number of fish needed in exposure studies. A laboratory exposure study was designed to be able to monitor selected parameters in individual Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Passive integrated transponders in combination with visible implant elastomers were used to study individual fish during the exposure period (44 wk). Fish were measured (weight and length) and a blood sample was taken for analysis of hematocrit, DNA damage (micronucleus), and oxidative stress (total oxyradical scavenging capacity) at up to seven time points. There were no apparent adverse effects of treatments on the health of experimental fish, frequency of micronucleated erythrocytes, or oxidative stress in whole blood. It is possible that the time scale was not sufficient for development and detection of parameters included here or that red blood cells may not be a suitable matrix for the selected analyses. Future studies need to include other parameters in blood to investigate their sensitivity to low-concentration exposures.

Acknowledgments

We thank the staff at the Marine Research Station Solbergstrand (NIVA) for fish husbandry: Oddbjørn Pettersen, Sigurd Øxnevad, Per Ivar Johannesen, Nasir Hamdan El-Shaikh, and Joachim Tørum Johannesen. We also thank students and coworkers for help during sampling and dissection of fish. This study was funded by the Research Council of Norway (RCN; HavKyst PROOF-program project 164419/S40) and NIVA.