Evaluation of Genotoxicity in Gills and Hemolymph of Clam Ruditapes decussatus Fed with the Toxic Dinoflagellate Prorocentrum lima

Abstract

Diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP) is a gastrointestinal (GIT) disease that appears a few hours after ingesting okadaic acid (OA)-contaminated mollusks; okadaic acid is present in dinoflagellates of the genera Dinophysis and Prorocentrum. Toxic manifestations occur all year round at a higher or lesser intensity, and as a consequence, extractive production factories need to be closed during these periods which affects the economy of aquaculture industries. Although the concentration of harmful algae is usually found at high levels in clam digestive gland, bivalve mortality was not increased. In this study, the genotoxic effects produced by OA in clam Ruditapes decussatus were determined using the comet assay. In vitro (exposing hemocytes to different concentrations of OA) and in vivo (feeding clams with toxic dinoflagellate Prorocentrum lima) experiments were conducted in order to determine the genotoxic effects of OA on bivalve cells. Hemocytes and gill cells were analyzed by in vivo and in vitro approaches. While the in vitro study showed a rapid effect of OA on hemocytes, data obtained in the in vivo experiment reflected contradictory results dependent upon the concentration of OA and cell type evaluated. An increase in DNA damage was observed at the lower concentration and only in gill tissue. The results obtained may contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying genotoxic effects induced by OA on bivalves.

Acknowledgments

This work was funded by the project 07MMA013103PR of Consellería de Innovación e Industria, INCITE (Xunta de Galicia). Fernanda Flórez Barrós and Juan Fernández Tajes were supported by “Lucas Labrada” and “Angeles Alvariño” programs, respectively, both from Consellería de Innovación e Industria, Xunta de Galicia).