Combined treatment with auranofin and trametinib induces synergistic apoptosis in breast cancer cells

ABSTRACT

Auranofin is a gold complex used as an anti-rheumatic agent and may act as a potent anticancer drug against breast tumors. Trametinib is a specific mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor, approved for the treatment of metastatic melanoma. The aim of this study was to examine the synergistic effects of auranofin and trametinib on apoptosis in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. The combination treatment inhibited cancer cell proliferation and induced cell cycle arrest at the sub-G1 phase and apoptosis via poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage and caspase-3/7 activation. It is noteworthy that this treatment significantly increased p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation to induce mitochondrial stress, subsequently promoting cancer cell apoptosis through release of apoptosis-inducing factor. Further data demonstrated that combined treatment significantly induced increase in nuclear translocation of AIF. These results indicated that activation of the p38 MAPK signaling pathway and mitochondrial apoptosis may contribute to the synergistic consequences in MCF-7 cells. Collectively, our data demonstrated that combined treatment with auranofin and trametinib exhibited synergistic breast cancer cell death and this combination might be utilized as a novel therapeutic strategy for breast cancer.

KEYWORDS:

• auranofin
• trametinib
• synergistic effect
• combination treatment
• breast cancer

Acknowledgments

This research was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) and the Chung-Ang University, funded by the Korean government (MSIP) (Grant No. NRF2015R1A5A1008958) and research scholarship grants in 2019. The funding agency had no role in the study design, data collection or analysis, the decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.