Generalized Brain Arousal Mechanisms Contributing to Libido

Abstract

This theoretical paper proposes that underlying the concept of libido is a primitive set of brain mechanisms responsible for the generalized arousal of the central nervous system and the activation of all behavioral responses. Having given the concept of “generalized CNS arousal” an operational definition, we write an equation that describes how specific motivational needs are integrated with generalized arousal to produce an overall state of the CNS sufficient for potentiating behavioral responses. Factor analysis of behavioral data with mice suggests that among all CNS arousal-related influences, generalized arousal contributes about a third of the variance. Many neuroanatomical, neurophysiological, and genomic mechanisms for arousal are reviewed here. Highlighted are large reticular formation neurons in the medullary medulla whose axons bifurcating rostrally and caudally equip them to contribute, respectively, both to cerebral cortical arousal and to autonomic arousal. Their rapid responses would cause sudden changes in CNS state associated with, for example, states of panic. Consequences of the actions of generalized arousal networks include increased alertness and attention that serve all cognitive functions and all emotional expression. Specifically with respect to psychoanalytic concepts, these networks provide the psychic energy necessary for the expression of libido.

Keywords:

• arousal
• estrogen
• histamine
• hypothalamus
• libido
• norepinephrine
• opioid
• preoptic area
• prostaglandin