Abstract
A survey of 611 indoor firing ranges identified features of range design, operation, and maintenance that could affect air quality, a concern because of the lead composition of ammunition fired at the ranges. Features examined included the number of firing positions, location and type of air-handling equipment, maintenance practices, and other standard operating procedures (SOPs). Analysis of the data from the 339 valid responses showed that these ranges vary widely in design, construction, number of firing positions, and frequency of use. Most of these ranges were constructed years ago to the standards in force at the time. Consequently, they do not include many features specified in current standards. Findings from the survey suggest two possible options for ranges concerned about the lead exposure level: design upgrades and SOP changes. Retrofits are costly and design solutions must rely on existing criteria, many of which need verification to ensure their adequacy. Also, more research is needed to define the relationships between ventilation system design and lead exposures at the firing line. A lower cost, more expedient solution is to establish a program of prevention through changes in SOP, such as prohibition of unjacketed lead bullets or establishment of a regular program to monitor the proper operation of ventilation systems. Technology to enhance these preventive measures is being investigated. Possible products include devices for real-time monitoring of ambient air quality and personal lead dosage monitors. This study has underscored the need for further site studies to verify design criteria and to collect chemical and physical data that will help define the nature and extent of problems. This information is required in order to set policy and guidelines for optimal range facility design, operation, and maintenance to ensure a safe environment.