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Abstract
Research on tree legume‐Rhizobium/Bradyrhizobium (root nodulating bacteria) symbiosis has been done to synthesize knowledge on the highly coordinate sequence of interaction between the two symbionts, which culminates in biological nitrogen fixation. Genetic, microbiotic, and environmental factors greatly influence the process of symbiosis. Periodically revised taxonomies and systematics of nodulating bacteria have been traced since 1838, along with evolutionary relatedness among members of Rhizobiaceae. Rhizobial identification based upon morphological and physiological characteristics has been well demonstrated. Variability in the adaptability of the bacterial strains as free‐living microbes in saline alkaline soil and conditions of environmental stress in the desert have been studied extensively. The hot arid and semiarid regions of the state of Rajasthan, having nutrient‐deficient sandy oil, is dominated by woody tree species of Acacia and Prosopis, which play an important role in the conservation and improvement of the desert soil.