Predictors of PTSD Improvement with Cognitive/Exposure Group Interventions in Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom Female Veterans

ABSTRACT

Predictors of successful PTSD outcome have been examined through individually delivered treatments. We examined predictors using a group protocol with cognitive, exposure, and skills modules. Assessments included self-report and interview (CAPS, SCID-I/II) measures at baseline, post, and six months; treatment was a 16-week, three-member group for 32 OEF/OIF women Veterans. A regression analysis showed major depressive disorder and no baseline psychiatric medication predicted PTSD improvement. PTSD improvement predicted fewer outpatient medical visits at follow-up. The results supported past research and challenged other findings (e.g., sexual assault predicts less improvement). An additional unique contribution was examining predictors in a group treatment format.

KEYWORDS:

• Females
• outcome
• predictors
• PTSD
• veterans

Acknowledgments

This work was completed with support from the Veterans Health Administration. The views are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Department of Veterans Affairs.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Martha J. Falkenstein

Martha J. Falkenstein, PhD, is a postdoctoral clinical research fellow at McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School.

Janet C’de Baca

Janet C’de Baca, PhD, is a clinical psychologist in the Women’s Stress Disorder Treatment Team at the New Mexico VA Health Care System.

Katherine Belon

Katherine Belon, PhD, is a psychology resident at the New Mexico VA Health Care System.

Diane T. Castillo

Diane T. Castillo, PhD, is the Treatment Core Chief at the VISN 17 Center of Excellence.