What are the intervention goals of women’s hookah cessation? A systematic, evidence-based and participatory study

Abstract

This Study was designed to answer the question: what are the intervention goals of women for ceasing to smoke. The present research was part of a larger study and was a pioneering systematic research conducted between September 23, 2018 and September 26, 2019 through an intervention mapping in southern Iran among professional hookah Smoking (HS) women. In order to know more about the HS among women, the behavioral and environmental correlates of HS/cessation and the determiners or fundamental causes of these factors were extracted via a systematic review and a local qualitative study. As the results revealed, the expected outcomes of the educational program concerning hookah cessation were achieved. As the realization of these outcomes requires certain changes to the behavioral and environmental dimensions, in the next step, the intervention goals of hookah cessation were identified. As the results showed, four behavioral factors involved in the unhealthy HS behavior were individual HS, Being in the Company of hookah smokers, Visiting tempting and contaminated places and Physical and mental dependence on HS (habit), In addition, four effective environmental factors were found at different interpersonal, organizational, community and policy levels. These include, respectively: recommendation and motivation for cessation by influential figures, care providers’ poor inadequate knowledge and skill, Easy acceptance of hookah in society, and the lack of effective rules. Knowledge, awareness, social norms, Motivation to comply, skill and self-efficacy, habit, were among the determining factors of hookah cessation. Employment of a systematic is based on evidence and cooperation and is guided by a assessing the needs of the target population. Such a method can suggest more purposive and relevant intervention goals so as to cease HS. The aim would be to intervene in the purposes of the above-mentioned change, as compared in predetermined interventions, and increase the chances of HS cessation among women.

Keywords:

• Hookah smoking
• smoking
• smoking cessation
• intervention goals
• southern Iran
• women

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank National Institute for Medical Research as their financial support. The authors also express their gratitude to the participants for their sincere cooperation in this study.

Disclosure statement

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest in this work.

Authors’ contributions

S. Dadipoor: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. A. Heyrani: Methodology, Funding acquisition, Writing—review & editing. T. Aghamolaei: Conceptualization, Investigation, review & editing. M. Mirzaei-Alavijeh: Investigation, Methodology, Writing—review & editing. M. Ghaffari: Methodology, review & editing. S. Hosseini Teshnizi: review & editing.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Ethical approval was received for this study from the National Institute for Medical Research, (IR.NIMAD.REC.1398.21). Women provided written consent to participate in the study. All authors have approved the final draft.

Trial registration

The trial was registered at https://en.irct.ir/trial/37,129 IRCT 20190126042494N1, on 3.3.2019.

Additional information

Funding

This research received a grant from Nimad National Institute for medical research Development Grant No. 983514.