Correction

This article refers to:

Role of 2.4 GHz radiofrequency radiation emitted from Wi-Fi on some miRNA and faty acids composition in brain

Article title: Role of 2.4 GHz radiofrequency radiation emitted from Wi-Fi on some miRNA and faty acids composition in brain

Authors: Dasdag, S., Akdag, M. Z., Bashan, M., Kizmaz, V., Erdal, N., Erdal, M, E., Kiziltug, M. T., & Yegin, K.

Journal: Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15368378.2022.2065682

The published version of the above mentioned article has been revised. The changes are mentioned below:

Updated Introduction section:

As it is known, the International Agency for Research on Cancer in 2011 classified radiofrequency radiations (RFRs) as possible carcinogen (2B) to humans, opening this field for further investigation (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) 2011). However, we have very limited information on the relation between microRNAs (miRNAs, miRs), fatty acids in brain and RFRs, which is very important to understand the effects of electromagnetic pollution emitted by all wireless equipment that is uncontrolled and widely used in our daily life. In our previous works we indicated that long term and excessive use of 900 MHz and 2.4 GHz RFR radiofrequency radiation altered microRNA expression in brain (Dasdag et al., 2015a; 2015b). We investigated the effects of 900 MHz and 2.4 GHz RFR on some miRNAs namely, rno-miR-9-5p, rno-miR-29a-3p, rno-miR-106b-5p, rno-miR-107 and rno-miR-125a-3p in brain. In the 900 MHz exposure study, rats were exposed to 900 MHz RF radiation for 3 h per day (7 days a week) for 12 months (one year) in the exposure group and we found that 900 MHz RFR exposure only decreased rno-miR107 expression (Dasdag et al., 2015a). In the 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi exposure study, rats were exposed to 2.4 GHz RFRs emitted from Wi Fi generator for 24 hours a day for 12 months (one year) in the exposure group and we found that one-year exposure of 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi radiation altered expression of some miRNAs such as rno-miR-106b-5p and rno-miR-107. The results of this study indicated that rno-miR-107 expression was 3.3 times and rno-miR-106b-5p expression was 3.65 times lower in the exposure group than the control group (Dasdag et al., 2015b).We also investigated the effects of 900 MHz RFR with same exposure setup on ten miRNAs in 2019 and found that chronic exposure of RFR under investigation has potential to increase expression of rno-miR-145-5p (Dasdag et al., 2019).

Kumar R et al. (2021) exposed rats to 900 (5.84 × 10–4 W/kg), 1800 (5.94 × 10–4 W/kg) and 2.4 GHz (6.4 × 10–4 W/kg) RFRs for 2h/d for one, three and six-months and stated that “900–2450 MHz exposure led to hypermethylation of histone (H3K9) protein by upregulating euchromatic histone methyltransfer-ase1 enzyme, whereas hypomethylation of DNA (5-Mc) by down-regulating DNA methyltransferase1 enzyme with increasing microwave frequency as well as exposure duration of Wistar rat” (Kumar et al., 2021).

Another important parameter in terms of electromagnetic pollution is the relation between RFR exposure and membrane fatty acids, which we have also very limited knowledge in this field.

It is stated that “pain sensation can be changed upon the effect of extremely weak chemical and physical signals, having intensity even less than thermal threshold and non-linear dose-dependent character. Therefore, such a cellular target must have a quantum-mechanical nature” Ayrapetyan S (2018). However, Dutta et al indicated that “RFR affects both calcium-ion release and acetylcholinesterase activity in nervous system-derived cells in culture in a common dose-dependent manner” Dutta et al (1992). As it is also reported, “primary target for non-thermal biological effects of weak intensity radiation, is skin water contents the dissociation molecules of which have quantum sensitive characters. The product of water molecules dissociation which forming ROS serve one of important messengers trough which circulating blood modulate the metabolism of different tissues. Since by fundamental work by Blackman et al in 1982 is known that in realization non-thermal effect of EHF EMF key role have Ca exchange which is involvement in great number of fundamental cell processes, such as Lipids exchange and nucleic acids metabolisms (Ziskin MC, 2006; Blackman et al (1982); Brini and Carafoli 2009)”. Sert et al. (2002) investigated the effect of 3 h/d exposure of the 0.8 mT magnetic field on the membrane fatty acids of testes and found that the fatty acid of the testis cell membrane phospholipids was decreased in the exposure group. It is similarly indicated that twenty minutes of 900 MHz RFR exposure (short term) do not alter the percentage of fatty acids in brain and testes (Dasdag et al. 2004, 2003). Recently, Oyarce et al. (2021) detected the main changes of some fatty acid, ergosterol and antioxidant activity of metabolites in the fungus Serpulahimantioide exposed to 2.5 GHz Wi-Fi exposure. They observed an increment in the content of some fatty acids and ergosterol and finally stated that “Direct exposure to Wi-Fi radiation produces oxidative damage by modifying cellular components in the fubgus S. himantioides” (Oyarce et al. 2021). If the World Health Organization (WHO) do not lead to put realistic educational and protective mechanisms, it is certain that human beings will continue to use wireless communication tools in incredible amounts and therefore will be exposed to more and more electromagnetic pollution with each passing day by ignoring health hazards. To draw attention to the subject, the aim of this study is to reveal the effects of long-term exposure of 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi exposure on some miRNAs such as rno-miR- 22-3p, rno-miR-24-1- 3p, rno-miR-132-3p, rno-miR- 145-5p, rno-miR-181a-5p, rno-miR-186-5p, rno-miR- 195-5p, rno-miR-219a-5p, rno-miR-221-3p, rno-miR- 222-3p and fatty acids in brain tissue.

Updated Exposure and field measurements section:

A pulsed signal generator, which could output Wi-Fi signals at 2.45 GHz, was used in the exposure system. Sham (n= 8) and experimental group animals (n= 8) were maintained free in their respective plexiglass cages to resume their daily activities without any restrictions. The experimental group, however, were exposed to 2.45 GHz RFR, about 50 cm below the transmitting antenna of the signal generator, every day (24 h/d) for one year. Similar to experimental group, animals in the control group lived 50 cm below the antenna of the generator (24h/d) for one year, except the generator was turned off. At the end of last exposure, the rats were intraperitoneally administered a combination of 6 mg/kg of 2% xylazine hydrochloride (Rompun) and 75 mg/kg ketamine hydrochloride (Ketalar) for anesthesia. Afterward, the brain of each rat were removed for the analysis.

Experiment setup is displayed in Fig. 1. Electromagnetic power density and the electrical field inside the Plexiglas cage were measured at several points using a field probe EMR 300 (NARDA, Pfullingen, Germany). To minimize coupling from unwanted radiation sources, four sides of the cage were covered with electromagnetic pyramidal absorber backed by metal sheets to isolate the test setup.

Page 10, Part of Discussion section:

As it is discussed above, we investigate the effect of 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi exposure on ten different microRNAs such as rno-miR-22-3p, rno-miR-24-1- 3p, rno-miR-132-3p, rno-miR-145-5p, rno-miR -181a-5p, rno-miR-186-5p, rno-miR-195-5p, rno-miR-219a-5p, rno-miR-221-3p and, rno-miR-222- 3p in this study. However, we observed that 2.4 GHz RFR only increased rno-miR-181a-5p expression, which is stated that “miR-181a-5p increased the chemical sensitivity of HS578T cells to cisplatin by inhibiting VDR to promote autophagy” (Lin et al. 2021). Therefore, we can state that our previous studies supported the results of this study in terms of indicating the effects of RFRs on miRNA. miR-181a-5p was highly expressed in serum of acute ischemic injury patients” (Song et al., 2021). On the other hand, Liu et al. stated that “miR-181a-5p is a miRNA shown to play an essential role in multiple cancers, such as hepatic cancer, non-small cell lung cancer and human diseases, such as osteoarthritis. The interaction between lncRNA CCAT1 and miR-181a-5p has been demonstrated in endometrial carcinoma” (Liu et all. 2020).

New paragraph at the end of Discussion section:

On the other hand, It is interestingly reported that “electronically generated electromagnetic fields are coherent, producing very high electric and magnetic forces, which act on the voltage sensor of voltage-gated calcium channels to produce increases in intracellular calcium [Ca2+]i” (Pall. 2022). Blaustein and Lederer reported that “In controlling of intracellular Ca homoesis have key role cGMP-dependent Ca efflux from the cell, which realized by Na/Ca exchange in forward(F) mode and Ca-pump in cell membrane and cAMP-Ca exchange in/Ca exchange in reverse (R) mode”. They also stated that “the discovery of multiple Na+/Ca2+ exchanger genes and gene products, and multiple splice variants, as well as exchangers with different coupling ratios [i.e., the 3 Na+:1Ca2+ exchanger a Na2+/Ca2+ exchanger and the 4 Na+:(1Ca2+ +1K+) exchanger] has added to the complexity. We must even consider the possibility that some cells may express more than one Na+/Ca2+ exchanger [or Na+/(Ca2+ + K+) gene product or alternatively spliced isoform] and that these exchangers may perform different functions” (Blaustein and Lederer, 1999). By Ayrapetyan work have shown that in cell membrane have two family of quantum-sensitive receptors through which the non-thermal effect of non-ionizing radiation on cells are realized they are soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) and G proteins family of receptors the activation of which leads to stimulate the cAMP –dependent RNa/Ca exchange (Ayrapetyan, 2018). Therefore we hypothesis that the non -thermal radioation-induced changes of physicochemical properties of circulating blood by stimulation of quantum-sensitive membrane receptors induced [Ca]i changes could be primary mechanism for modulation oflipids metabolisms and RNA metabolism. To check this hypothesis will be the aim of future works.