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ABSTRACT
Distant metastasis accounts for the vast majority of deaths in patients with cancer. Breast cancer exhibits a distinct metastatic pattern commonly involving bone, liver, lung, and brain. Breast cancer can be divided into different subtypes based on gene expression profiles, and different breast cancer subtypes show preference to distinct organ sites of metastasis. Luminal breast tumors tend to metastasize to bone while basal-like breast cancer (BLBC) displays a lung tropism of metastasis. However, the mechanisms underlying this organ-specific pattern of metastasis still remain to be elucidated. In this review, we will summarize the recent advances regarding the molecular signaling pathways as well as the therapeutic strategies for treating breast cancer lung metastasis.
Disclosure of potential conflict of interests
No potential conflicts of interest were disclosed.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health (2R01CA151610) and the Avon Foundation for Women (02-2014-063) to Xiaojiang Cui, and the Fashion Footwear Charitable Foundation of New York, Inc., the Entertainment Industry Foundation, the Margie and Robert E. Petersen Foundation, and the Linda and Jim Lippman Research Fund to Armando Giuliano.