Effectiveness of Mandatory License Testing for Older Drivers in Reducing Crash Risk Among Urban Older Australian Drivers

Abstract

Most licensing jurisdictions in Australia maintain mandatory assessment programs targeting older drivers, whereby a driver reaching a specified age is required to prove his or her fitness to drive through medical assessment and/or on-road testing. Previous studies both in Australia and elsewhere have consistently failed to demonstrate that age-based mandatory assessment results in reduced crash involvement for older drivers. However studies that have based their results upon either per-population or per-driver crash rates fail to take into account possible differences in driving activity. Because some older people maintain their driving licenses but rarely if ever drive, the proportion of inactive license-holders might be higher in jurisdictions without mandatory assessment relative to jurisdictions with periodic license assessment, where inactive drivers may more readily either surrender or lose their licenses. The failure to control for possible differences in driving activity across jurisdictions may be disguising possible safety benefits associated with mandatory assessment. The current study compared the crash rates of drivers in Melbourne, Australia, where there is no mandatory assessment and Sydney, Australia, where there is regular mandatory assessment from 80 years of age onward. The crash rate comparisons were based on four exposure measures: per population, per licensed driver, per distance driven, and per time spent driving. Poisson regression analysis incorporating an offset to control for inter-jurisdictional road safety differences indicated that there was no difference in crash risk for older drivers based on population. However drivers aged 80 years and older in the Sydney region had statistically higher rates of casualty crash involvement than their Melbourne counterparts on a per license issued basis (RR: 1.15, 1.02–1.29, p = 0.02) and time spent driving basis (RR: 1.19, 1.06–1.34, p = 0.03). A similar trend was apparent based on distance travelled but was of borderline statistical significance (RR: 1.11, 0.99–1.25, p = 0.07). Collectively, it can be inferred from these findings that mandatory license re-testing schemes of the type evaluated have no demonstrable road safety benefits overall. Further research to resolve this on-going policy debate is discussed and recommended.

Keywords:

• Aging
• Older Drivers
• Traffic Safety
• Licensing
• Driving Exposure
• Age-Based Testing

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

A number of individuals and institutions have assisted greatly in the preparation and provision of data for this report. In particular the authors remain indebted to and would like to thank: Athina Pascoe-Bell, Client Request Officer, Transport Data Centre, NSW Dept of Transport; Andy Graham, Manager, Trends Analysis, Road Safety Strategy Branch, Roads and Traffic Authority of NSW, and John Davison, Transport Analyst, Network Evaluation and Analysis Section, VicRoads.