Frontal and oblique crash tests of HIII 6-year-old child ATD using real-world, observed child passenger postures

ABSTRACT

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the consequences of frontal and oblique crashes when positioning a Hybrid III (HIII) 6-year-old child anthropometric test device (ATD) using observed child passenger postures from a naturalistic driving study (NDS).

Methods: Five positions for booster-seated children aged 4–7 years were selected, including one reference position according to the FMVSS 213 ATD seating protocol and 4 based on real-world observed child passenger postures from an NDS including 2 user positions with forward tilting torso and 2 that combined both forward and lateral inboard tilting of the torso. Seventeen sled tests were conducted in a mid-sized vehicle body at 64 km/h (European New Car Assessment Programme [Euro NCAP] Offset Deformable Barrier [ODB] pulse), in full frontal and oblique (15°) crash directions. The rear-seated HIII 6-year-old child ATD was restrained on a high-back booster seat. In 10 tests, the booster seat was also attached with a top tether. In the oblique tests, the ATD was positioned on the far side. Three camera views and ATD responses (head, neck, and chest) were analyzed.

Results: The shoulder belt slipped off the shoulder in all ATD positions in the oblique test configuration. In full frontal tests, the shoulder belt stayed on the shoulder in 3 out of 9 tests. Head acceleration and neck tension were decreased in the forward leaning positions; however, the total head excursion increased up to 210 mm compared to te reference position, due to belt slip-off and initial forward leaning position.

Conclusions: These results suggest that real-world child passenger postures may contribute to shoulder belt slip-off and increased head excursion, thus increasing the risk of head injury. Restraint system development needs to include a wider range of sitting postures that children may choose, in addition to the specified postures of ATDs in seating test protocols, to ensure robust performance across diverse use cases. In addition, these tests revealed that the child ATD is limited in its ability to mimic real-world child passenger postures. There is a need to develop child human body models that may offer greater flexibility for these types of crash evaluations.

KEYWORDS:

• Child safety
• occupant kinematics
• rear seat
• out-of-position
• naturalistic driving study
• shoulder belt position

Acknowledgment

The authors acknowledge the contributions of Mike Lumley, Jonny Kuo, Jinyong Kim, Alex Gobeler, Christian Parker, Danielle Weiss, Christian Ancora, Gretchen Baker, and Mikael Enänger.

Funding

Support for the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia authors of this work was provided by the Center for Child Injury Prevention Studies, a National Science Foundation Industry University Cooperative Research Center. The broad data collection was supported by the Australian Research Council Linkage Grant Scheme (LP110200334) and is a multidisciplinary international partnership between Monash University, Autoliv Development AB, Britax Childcare Pty Ltd., Chalmers University of Technology, General Motors–Holden, Pro Quip International, RACV, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Transport Accident Commission (TAC), University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, and VicRoads.