Comparison of outlier heartbeat identification and spectral transformation strategies for deriving heart rate variability indices for drivers at different stages of sleepiness

ABSTRACT

Objective: Appropriate preprocessing for detecting and removing outlier heartbeats and spectral transformation is essential for deriving heart rate variability (HRV) indices from cardiac monitoring data with high accuracy. The objective of this study is to evaluate agreement between standard preprocessing methods for cardiac monitoring data used to detect outlier heartbeats and perform spectral transformation, in relation to estimating HRV indices for drivers at different stages of sleepiness.

Methods: The study analyzed more than 3,500 5-min driving epochs from 76 drivers on a public motorway in Sweden. Electrocardiography (ECG) data were recorded in 3 studies designed to evaluate the physiological differences between awake and sleepy drivers. The Pan-Tompkins algorithm was used for peak detection of heartbeats from ECG data. Two standard methods were used for identifying outlier heartbeats: (1) percentage change (PC), where outliers were defined as interbeat interval deviating >30% from the mean of the 4 previous intervals, and (2) standard deviation (SD), where outliers were defined as interbeat interval deviating >4 SD from the mean interval duration in the current epoch. Three standard methods were used for spectral transformation, which is needed for deriving HRV indices in the frequency domain; these methods were (1) the Fourier transform; (2) an autoregressive model; and (3) the Lomb-Scargle periodogram. The preprocessing methods were compared quantitatively and by assessing agreement between estimations of 13 common HRV indices using Bland-Altman plots and paired Student's t-tests.

Results: The PC method detected more than 4 times as many outliers (0.28%) than SD (0.065%). Most HRV indices derived using different preprocessing methods exhibited significant systematic (P <.05) and substantial random variations.

Conclusions: The standard preprocessing methods for HRV data for outlier heartbeat detection and spectral transformation show low levels of agreement. This finding implies that, prior to designing algorithms for detection of sleepy drivers based on HRV analysis, the impact of different preprocessing methods and combinations thereof on driver sleepiness assessment needs to be studied.

KEYWORDS:

• Driver sleepiness
• heart rate variability
• outlier heartbeat detection
• spectral transformation

Acknowledgment

We thank Cecilia Sunnevång for her help in the project, as well as all individuals who helped collect the data and the participating drivers.

Funding

This study was possible due to funding of from the Swedish research program Vinnova FFI–Strategic Vehicle Research and Innovation. It was performed in the frame of the Human Monitoring competence area within the SAFER Vehicle and Traffic Safety Centre at Chalmers University of Technology. Autoliv Development AB and the Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI) participated in the study.