Prevalence of alcohol use among road traffic crash victims presenting to a Malawian Central Hospital: A cross-sectional study

Abstract

Background

Alcohol consumption is a well-known risk factor for sustaining road traffic injuries worldwide. Malawi is a low-income country with a large and increasing burden of road traffic injuries. It has generally been viewed as a country with relatively little alcohol consumption. This study investigates the role of alcohol in road traffic injuries in and around the capital Lilongwe.

Methods

All patients presenting to the emergency department of Kamuzu Central Hospital after being injured in road traffic crashes were asked to participate in the study. Alcohol testing was done with a breathalyzer or a saliva test. Participants were asked about alcohol use before the injury as well as hazardous drinking using the AUDIT-C questionnaire.

Results

Of 1347 patients age 18 years or older who were asked to participate, 1259 gave informed consent, and data on alcohol use (alcohol test results and/or self-reported intake) were available for 1251 participants. Of those, 251 (20.1%) tested positive for alcohol, whereas 221 (17.7%) reported alcohol use before the crash; in total 311 (24.9%, 95% CI 22.5–27.3) either tested positive, reported use, or both. Females had a low prevalence of alcohol use (2.5%), while 30.6% of males had consumed alcohol before the injuries. Pedestrians had the highest prevalence at 41.8% (95% CI 35.5–48.4), while car drivers had 23.8% (95% CI 18.2–30.5). Among male pedestrians, 49.5% had used alcohol before the injury. Alcohol-associated injuries had a peak in the evening and at night, especially in the weekends. Of the patients, 63.1% reported that they had not consumed alcohol during the last year, while 21.4% had an AUDIT-C score suggesting hazardous drinking, and 66.2% of those had used alcohol before the injury.

Conclusions

A large percentage of road traffic injured patients had been drinking alcohol before their injury, especially male pedestrians. A large proportion of the patients were abstaining from alcohol, but those not abstaining had a high prevalence both of alcohol use when injured and hazardous drinking identified by AUDIT-C. This has important implications for prevention.

Keywords:

• Road traffic injuries
• alcohol
• AUDIT-C
• Malawi
• low-income countries

Correction Statement

This article has been corrected with minor changes. These changes do not impact the academic content of the article.

Acknowledgments

The study had not been possible without the recruitment work done by Lovemore Kamange and Noel Yotamu at the KCH and the administrative and technical support from Elin H. Wyller at the Norwegian Institute of Public Health and Håvard Furuhaugen at Oslo University Hospital.

Data availability statement

We do not have permission to share non-aggregated research data.

Additional information

Funding

This study was supported by a grant from UK aid, through the Global Road Safety Facility hosted by the World Bank. Financial support was also received from the International Council on Alcohol Drugs and Traffic Safety and the Norwegian Council for Road Safety (Trygg Trafikk).