Abstract
Objective
This study examined the effects of color gradients and emojis in an augmented reality-head-up display (AR-HUD) warning interface on driver emotions and takeover performance.
Methods
A total of 48 participants were grouped into four different warning interfaces for a simulated self-driving takeover experiment. Two-way analysis of variance and the Kruskal–Wallis test was used to analyze takeover time, mood, task load, and system availability.
Results
Takeover efficiency and task load did not significantly differ among the interfaces, but the interfaces with a color gradient and emoji positively affected drivers’ emotions. Emojis also positively affected emotional valence, and the color gradient had a high emotional arousal effect. Both the color gradient and the emoji interfaces had an inhibitory effect on negative emotions. The emoji interface was easier to learn, reducing driver learning costs.
Conclusions
These findings offer valuable insights for designing safer and more user-friendly AR-HUD interfaces for self-driving cars.
Acknowledgments
We thank LetPub (www.letpub.com) for its linguistic assistance during the preparation of this manuscript.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
Data availability statement
The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.