Roles of Guilt Cognitions in Trauma-Related Sleep Disturbance in Military Veterans With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

ABSTRACT

Objective/Background: Despite a well-established role of guilt cognitions in the maintenance and treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), relationships of guilt cognitions to nightmares are not well understood. This study investigated the ways in which guilt cognitions, related to traumatic events, influenced the relationship between combat exposure and trauma-related sleep disturbance in military Veterans with PTSD. Participants: We recruited a sample of 50 Veterans with PTSD who completed study measures at a screening session. Methods: Participants completed self-report measures of exposure to potentially traumatic events, trauma-related guilt (hindsight bias, wrongdoing, and lack of justification) and trauma-related sleep disturbance as measured by a self-report scale and clinician ratings of nightmare severity. Results: Bivariate regression analyses established a relationship of combat exposure to wrongdoing (β = .31, p = .031), and a relationship of wrongdoing with self-reported trauma-related sleep disturbance (β = .27, p = .049) and clinician-rated nightmare severity (β = .36, p = .009). Bootstrapping analysis that included years of education as a covariate found a significant overall indirect effect of combat exposure on clinician-rated nightmare severity exerted through wrongdoing (β = .10, 95% CI [.004, .246]). Conclusions: Results suggest the association of combat exposure with trauma-related sleep disturbance is significantly influenced by perceived wrongdoing related to a traumatic event. Targeting cognitions related to wrongdoing and moral injury during a traumatic event in PTSD treatment may help ameliorate trauma-related sleep disturbance.

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank the Veterans who volunteered to participate in this study and help us gain a better understanding of PTSD and smoking cessation among military Veterans. The authors also wish to thank Angela Kirby, Sarah Wilson, and Elizabeth Van Voorhees, who provided therapy as part of the treatment for this study; as well as Vickie Carpenter, who worked as study coordinator; and Michelle Dennis, who provided laboratory management during conduct of the study.

Additional information

Funding

This project was supported by Award Number 1IK2CX000718 to Dr. Dedert from the Clinical Sciences Research & Development Service of the VA Office of Research and Development. This work was supported a Senior Research Scientist Award from VA Clinical Sciences Research and Development, Award Number lK6CX001494. Mr. Hicks was supported by a Diversity Supplement from the National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health grant R01 CA196304 2S1 and by the Research Training: Psychiatric and Statistical Genetics grant T32 MH020030.