PredictAAT: Accounting for Inflammation in the Diagnosis of Alpha 1 Antitrypsin Deficiency

Abstract

Alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) is a rarely diagnosed hereditary condition characterized by low alpha 1 antitrypsin (AAT) levels, which can lead to early-onset emphysema due to accelerated degradation of lung tissue. Similar to C-reactive protein (CRP), AAT is an acute phase reactant, meaning that blood levels rise in response to inflammation, injury or infection. Testing AAT levels is essential in the diagnosis of AATD; however, the presence of inflammation at the time of AATD testing can provide a false ‘normal’ level reading of the patient’s baseline AAT levels. Researchers from a US-wide screening program for AATD found that a large number of individuals with AATD variants (particularly with the PI*MZ genotype) presented with elevated CRP levels (≥5 mg/L), suggesting the presence of inflammation. Using a series of calculations, the relationship between AAT and CRP levels was characterized and found to be genotype specific. We have developed a publicly available, easy-to-use online calculator (PredictAAT) that enables the instant calculation of predicted baseline AAT levels in patients exhibiting elevated CRP levels that accounts for specific AATD genotype. There is a need to raise awareness of the importance of simultaneous determination of AAT and CRP levels to aid the accurate diagnosis of patients with AATD. The PredictAAT calculator is therefore a valuable tool for physicians to enhance early disease diagnosis and individualize treatment.

Keywords:

• Alpha 1 Antitrypsin Deficiency
• C-reactive protein
• multivariate analysis
• genotype
• variants
• algorithm

Acknowledgments

Medical writing assistance was provided by Alice Walsh of Meridian HealthComms Ltd, Plumley, UK.

Declaration of interest

The author reports no conflicts of interest.

Additional information

Funding

CSL Behring funded medical writing assistance for preparation of this article. The sponsor had no role in the writing of the manuscript; and in the decision to submit the manuscript for publication.