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Abstract
Sample preparation is a step of huge importance in many modern analytical methodologies; it is often the limiting step. Within this context, the use of membranes has been an interesting research field. Several studies have been performed to make them suitable alternatives to replace more traditional procedures. The advantages of the use of membranes are simplicity, innocuousness, low-cost and easy incorporation within automatic systems. This short review provides a glimpse towards, in particular, membrane-mediated liquid-liquid extraction and membrane-mediated gas diffusion in recent years (i.e., with and without solvent impregnation, respectively), as well as membrane-mediated solid-phase extraction.
ABBREVIATIONS
| AAS | = | Atomic absorption spectroscopy |
| CE | = | Capillary electrophoresis |
| CL | = | Chemiluminescence |
| EME | = | Electromembrane extraction |
| FIA | = | Flow injection analysis |
| FLD | = | Fluorescence detection |
| GC | = | Gas chromatography |
| GDME | = | Gas-diffusion microextraction |
| HF-LPME | = | Hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction |
| HF-SLM | = | Hollow fiber supported liquid membrane |
| MASE | = | Membrane-assisted solvent extraction |
| MESI | = | Membrane extraction with sorbent interface |
| MIP | = | Molecularly imprinted polymer |
| MMGD | = | Membrane-mediated gas diffusion |
| MMSE | = | Monolith material sorptive extraction |
| MS | = | Mass spectrometry |
| MSGD | = | Membrane-supported gas diffusion |
| MSPD | = | Matrix solid phase dispersion |
| MWCNT | = | Multiwalled carbon nanotubes |
| NSAID | = | Non-steroidal anti-inflamatory drug |
| LPME | = | Liquid-phase microextraction |
| LOD | = | Limit of detection |
| LOQ | = | Limit of quantification |
| PV | = | Pervaporation |
| SBME | = | Stir bar microextraction |
| SBSE | = | Stir bar sorptive extraction |
| SDME | = | Single drop microextraction |
| SEP | = | Sample enrichment probe |
| SLME | = | Supported liquid membrane extraction |
| SM-LLME | = | Stir membrane liquid-liquid extraction |
| SPE | = | Solid-phase extraction |
| SPME | = | Solid-phase microextraction |
| SPMTE | = | Solid-phase membrane tip extraction |
FUNDING
This work received financial support from the European Union (FEDER funds POCI/01/0145/FEDER/007265) and from FCT/MEC through national funds and co-financed by FEDER (UID/ QUI/50006/2013 - NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-00011) under the Partnership Agreement PT2020. LMG (SFRH/BPD/76544/2011) wishes to acknowledge Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) for his post-doctoral grant. IMV (SFRH/BPD/111181/2015) wishes to acknowledge FCT for her post-doctoral grant funded by the Portuguese Ministry of Education and Science and by the European Social Fund within the 2014-2020 Strategic Framework.