Validation and calibration of HeadCount, a self-report measure for quantifying heading exposure in soccer players

ABSTRACT

The long-term effects of repetitive head impacts due to heading are an area of increasing concern, and exposure must be accurately measured; however, the validity of self-report of cumulative soccer heading is not known. In order to validate HeadCount, a 2-week recall questionnaire, the number of player-reported headers was compared to the number of headers observed by trained raters for a men’s and a women’s collegiate soccer teams during an entire season of competitive play using Spearman’s correlations and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), and calibrated using a generalized estimating equation. The average Spearman’s rho was 0.85 for men and 0.79 for women. The average ICC was 0.75 in men and 0.38 in women. The calibration analysis demonstrated that men tend to report heading accurately while women tend to overestimate. HeadCount is a valid instrument for tracking heading behaviour, but may have to be calibrated in women.

KEYWORDS:

• Soccer
• head injuries
• sex differences
• self-report

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health [grant number R01 NS082432], the Dana Foundation David Mahoney Neuroimaging Program, and the Albert Einstein College of Medicine Research Fellowship Program.