https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8050-6113
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ABSTRACT
The extraction of cellulose from almond shell powders was carried out using three different particle sizes (125 µm, 250 µm, and 500 µm) of the powders. The powder samples were subjected to Soxhlet extraction using an ethanol and methanol volume ratio of 2:1 for 6 hours to remove impurities such as waxes, resins, and dust. The dewaxed product was further hydrolyzed with 10% sodium hydroxide to remove the hemicellulose. The delignification of the hydrolyzed powder extracts was achieved with 10% acidified sodium chlorite. The percentage yield of the pure cellulose extracts for the 125, 250, and 500 µm particle sizes were 25%, 52.2%, and 42.6%, respectively. Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy confirmed the removal of hemicellulose and lignin after the chemical treatment. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images revealed a smooth textural surface of the micro-cellulose. X-ray diffraction (XRD) demonstrated high crystallinity of the cellulose, while thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) indicated high thermal stability of the cellulose extract. This confirmed that cellulose was successfully extracted from almond shell powders of three different particle sizes which could serve as raw material for nanocellulose extraction.
抽象
使用三种不同颗粒尺寸（125 μm、250 μm 和 500 μm）的粉末提取杏仁壳粉的纤维素. 粉末样品使用乙醇和甲醇体积比2:;1进行6小时的索索莱特提取，以去除蜡、树脂和灰尘等杂质. 露水产品进一步水解10%氢氧化钠，以去除六甲糖. 用10%酸化氯酸钠实现了水解粉提取物的脱硫. 125、250和500μm颗粒尺寸的纯纤维素提取物的百分比产量分别是25%、52.2%和42.6%. Fourier 转化红外 （FTIR） 光谱学确认在化学处理后去除黑米糖和木质素. 场发射扫描电子显微镜（FESEM）图像显示微纤维素的纹理表面光滑. X射线衍射（XRD）显示了纤维素的高结晶性，而热重力分析（TGA）表明纤维素提取物的热稳定性很高. 这证实了从三种不同颗粒大小的杏仁壳粉末中成功提取纤维素，这些粉末可作为纳米纤维素提取的原料.
Acknowledgments
Mr. Mohammed Alhaji acknowledges the Federal Government of Nigeria and Management of Federal University of Lafia for providing the financial support for his postgraduate studies. The authors wish to thank University Malaya with grant number RF025B-2018 and the Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE) Malaysia with grant number FP043-2016, for the funding of the research project.