Ferulic Acid-Grafted Cellulose Nanocrystal Film as a Feasible Antimicrobial Finishing for Wound Dressing

ABSTRACT

Chronic wounds have affected more than 6 million people, especially diabetic populations. Various antimicrobial substances have been added to nanocellulose-based wound dressing to inhibit microbial growth. However, the substances triggered multiple adverse implications on humans. In this communication, we have developed a ferulic acid-grafted cellulose nanocrystal film as a potential antimicrobial material for wound dressing development. Needle-like cellulose nanocrystals, with an average length of 159 ± 31 nm, were extracted from medical-grade cotton using the acid hydrolysis method. A combination of cellulose nanocrystals, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and ferulic acid has generated a soft, sturdy, flexible, elastic and non-ductile film. It absorbed a large amount of exudates by presenting a swelling ratio of 774 ± 57%. The release of ferulic acid achieved a plateau at 20 h, with a total release of 75.4 ± 7.9% from the developed film. The ferulic acid-grafted cellulose nanocrystal film inhibited the growth of 2 Gram-positive bacteria, 3 Gram-negative bacteria and 1 yeast. During the Hohenstein challenge and wash durability, the developed film retained its antimicrobial efficiency by reducing up to 82% microbial growth even after 20 washes. The findings exposed that the ferulic acid-grafted cellulose nanocrystal film is effective in combating wound pathogens and ideal for dressing development.

摘要

慢性创伤影响了600多万人, 特别是糖尿病人群. 各种抗菌物质已添加到纳米纤维素伤口敷料中, 以抑制微生物生长. 然而, 这些物质对人类造成了多重不利影响. 在这次交流中, 我们开发了一种阿魏酸接枝纤维素纳米晶薄膜, 作为伤口敷料开发的潜在抗菌材料. 采用酸水解法从医用棉中提取出平均长度为159±31nm的针状纤维素纳米晶. 纤维素纳米晶体、聚乙烯醇 (PVA) 和阿魏酸的组合产生了柔软、坚固、灵活、有弹性和非延展性的薄膜. 吸收大量渗出物, 肿胀率为774±57%. 阿魏酸的释放在20h达到平台, 显影膜的总释放量为75.4±7.9%. 阿魏酸接枝纤维素纳米晶膜可抑制2株革兰氏阳性菌、3株革兰氏阴性菌和1株酵母的生长. 在Hohenstein挑战和清洗耐用性期间, 即使在清洗20次后, 显影膜仍能通过减少高达82%的微生物生长保持其抗菌效率. 研究结果表明, 阿魏酸接枝纤维素纳米晶薄膜在对抗伤口病原体方面是有效的, 是敷料开发的理想材料.

KEYWORDS:

• Cellulose
• nanocrystal
• ferulic acid
• antimicrobial
• wound dressing
• control release

关键词:

• 纤维素
• 纳米晶
• 阿魏酸
• 抗菌剂
• 伤口敷料
• 控制释放

Acknowledgments

All authors are grateful to Universiti Kuala Lumpur and Universiti Sains Malaysia for supporting this study.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Additional information

Funding

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.