Water Sources Derived Bio Retting Effect on Kenaf Fiber Compositions

ABSTRACT

Concurrent eutrophication and scarcity of water have made the difficulties for kenaf retting; hence, seawater (SW), freshwater (FW), and municipal wastewater (MTW) were assessed for kenaf retting feasibility. SW retting liquor showed highest 1.39 × 10⁸ CFU/mL bacterial loads on the 5^th day, compared to FW 1.30 × 10⁸ and MTW 1.25 × 10⁸ CFU/mL on the seventh days retting period. SW solvents treated retting effluents showed maximum 13.68 U/mL pectinase enzyme activities. Based on un retted raw kenaf fiber (URKF) maximum fiber bundle weight was reported in MTW with 16.04% material losses, while the SW and FW treatments showed 24.38%, and 21.03% material losses, respectively. All solvents treated fiber samples showed smooth and cleaner fibers surface morphology by SEM indicates sufficient non cellulosic gums (NCGs) removal compared with URKF. Moreover, solvents retted fiber and URKF were examined for chemical composition, FTIR, and X-ray diffraction test. Results revealed that compared to URKF, solvents treated kenaf fiber increases 26.26 − 37.75% cellulose portions, and their crystallinity index increases 18.03–30.94% due to NCGs removal. This study’s findings indicate that along with FW the alternative macerating solvents SW and MTW were also feasible for kenaf bio retting, which could be a remediation for the mitigation of freshwater shortage.

摘要

同时富营养化和缺水给红麻脱胶带来了困难; 因此, 对海水(SW)、淡水(FW)和城市污水(MTW)进行了红麻脱胶可行性评估. SW脱胶液在第5天的菌量最高为1.39×108cfu/Ml, 而FW 1.30×108和MTW 1.25×108cfu/mL在第7天脱胶期. SW溶剂处理的脱胶废水显示最大果胶酶活性为13.68 U/mL. 根据未脱胶的红麻原纤维(URKF), MTW中报告的最大纤维束重量为16.04%, 而SW、FW处理的材料损失分别为24.38%和21.03%. 所有经溶剂处理的纤维样品均显示出光滑和清洁的纤维表面形态, SEM表明, 与URKF相比, 非纤维素胶(NCG)的去除率足够高. 此外, 还对溶剂脱胶纤维和URKF进行了化学成分、FTIR和X射线衍射测试. 结果表明, 与URKF相比, 溶剂处理的红麻纤维纤维素含量增加了26.26-37.75%, 结晶指数增加了18.03-30.94%. 本研究结果表明, 与FW一起, 替代浸渍溶剂SW和MTW也适用于红麻生物脱胶, 这可能是缓解淡水短缺的一种补救措施

KEYWORDS:

• Kenaf
• retting
• bio retting
• solvents maceration
• non-cellulosic gums
• water retting

关键词:

• 红麻
• 脱胶
• 生物脱胶
• 溶剂浸渍
• 非纤维素胶
• 水脱胶

Highlights

• Feasibility of retting solvents for kenaf bast fiber water retting evaluated using alternative solvents sources, sea water (SW) and municipal wastewater (MTW) along with fresh water (FW), adapted tank retting at ambient temperature with whole kenaf bast plants.

• Alternative retting solvents SW as efficacious as FW for sustaining viable bacterial loads and pectinase enzyme activities attains kenaf bio retting process without separation difficulties.

• SW niches induce prevalence of cellulosic fiber compositions by removing adequate non- cellulosic gums (NCGs), yielded fibers without any deformities and confer higher crystallinity index.

• Alternative retting solvents adapted tank retting approach refers a sustainable remediation of retting pollution and scarcity of open sources freshwater bodies.

Acknowledgments

This research project was financed as part of foreign doctoral fellowship study No. NATP-2/PIU-BARC-44/2017/662(35) of the first author by the IFAD and World Bank-funded National Agricultural Technology project-2, (Project ID: P149553) of the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh.

Disclosure statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Funding

This research project was financed as part of doctoral fellowship study No. NATP-2/PIU-BARC-44/2017/662(35) of the first author by the IFAD and World Bank-funded ‘National Agricultural Technology project-2ʹ (Project ID: P149553) of the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh