Effect of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticle on Properties of Nanocomposite Membrane Made of Bacterial Cellulose

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study was to see the effect of adding TiO₂ nanoparticles had on the characteristics of bacterial nanocellulose (BNC)-based membranes. Pellicles were created from the pineapple peel waste extract, and to obtain BNC, pellicle was disintegrated in six cycles using high-pressure homogenizer at 150 bar. The concentrations of TiO₂ nanoparticles in the membrane reinforcement solution were 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 wt.%. They were sonicated and dried in an oven at 60°C for 8 h. X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, roughness test, mechanical properties, and scanning electron microscopy were investigated to explore its claims. The results revealed that diffraction pattern of BNC/TiO₂ membrane has a new peak at 25.05° that ensures the presence of TiO₂ nanoparticles as well as diffraction peak occurred at 22.49°, which indicates the presence of cellulose Iβ. Moreover, the addition of TiO₂ nanoparticles until 1.5 wt.%, the crystallinity index is relatively same and the optimum strength of 99.5 MPa was attained. Further, improvement in addition of TiO₂ nanoparticle at 2 wt.% showed a decline in crystallinity index as 80.16% to 74.72% at 2.5 wt.%. The morphology of the membrane surface revealed that TiO₂ nanoparticles were still agglomerated and not equally distributed across the BNC membrane, leading to increase in surface roughness.

摘要

本研究的目的是观察添加TiO2纳米颗粒对细菌纳米纤维素基膜特性的影响. 从菠萝皮废料提取液中制备薄膜，为了获得细菌纳米纤维素，使用150巴高压均质机在6个循环中分解薄膜. 膜增强溶液中TiO2纳米颗粒的浓度为0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0和2.5 wt.%. 对其进行超声处理，并在60°C的烘箱中干燥8 h。研究了X射线衍射、傅立叶变换红外光谱、粗糙度测试、机械性能和扫描电子显微镜，以探索其主张. 结果表明，BNC/TiO2膜的衍射图在25.05处有一个新的峰值☐ 确保TiO2纳米颗粒的存在以及在22.49处出现的衍射峰☐ 表明存在纤维素. 此外，添加TiO2纳米颗粒直到1.5 wt.%，结晶度指数相对相同，达到99.5MPa的最佳强度。此外，添加2重量%的TiO2纳米颗粒的改善表明，结晶度指数在2.5重量%时下降了80.16%至74.72%. 膜表面的形貌表明，TiO2纳米颗粒仍然聚集在一起，并且不均匀分布在BNC膜上，导致表面粗糙度增加.

KEYWORDS:

• Bacterial cellulose
• membrane
• crystalline index
• nanocomposite
• pineapple waste
• titanium dioxide

关键词:

• 细菌纤维素
• 膜
• 结晶指数
• 纳米复合材料
• 菠萝废料
• 二氧化钛

Highlights

• Analysis of nanocomposite membrane from pineapple peel waste with TiO₂ nanoparticles.

• Surface morphology showed TiO₂ nanoparticles tend to agglomerate at higher concentrations, resulting in rough membrane surface.

• Interaction of cellulose and TiO₂ nanoparticle in nanocomposite membrane identified at small band 1275 cm⁻¹.

• Reinforcement with 0.5 wt.% of TiO₂ into BNC provided optimum strength 3.29 GPa.

Acknowledgment

The authors are grateful to the DRPM-Ristek-Brin, and LP2M Universitas Negeri Malang gave the PDUPT research grant by Contract No. 18.3.14/UN32.14.1/LT/2021.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Author contributions

All authors contributed equally to this work.

Data availability statement

This is an ongoing research work and hence the data cannot be shared at this moment.

Additional information

Funding

The work was supported by the Direktorat Riset Dan Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat [Contract No. 18.3.14/UN32.14.1/LT/2021].