Sensory and Associated Reactions to Mineral Dusts: Sodium Borate, Calcium Oxide, and Calcium Sulfate

Abstract

Occupational exposure limits (OELs) for irritant dusts have had no quantifiable bases. This study (1) charted chemosensory feel, denoted chemesthesis here, to dusts of calcium oxide (1 to 5 mg/m³), sodium tetraborate pentahydrate [sodium borate] (5 to 40 mg/m³), and calcium sulfate (10 to 40 mg/m³); (2) examined correlates of the chemesthetic sensations; and (3) sought to illuminate the basis for potency. Twelve screened men exercised against a light load while they breathed air in a dome fed with controlled levels of dust for 20 min. Measured parameters included nasal resistance, nasal secretion, minute ventilation, heart rate, blood oxygenation, mucociliary transport time, and chemesthetic magnitude, calibrated to pungency of carbon dioxide. Subjects registered time-dependent feel from exposures principally in the nose, secondarily in the throat, and hardly in the eyes. Calcium oxide had the greatest potency, followed by sodium borate, with calcium sulfate a distant third. Of the physiological parameters, amount of secretion showed the best association with chemesthetic potency. That measure, as well as mucociliary transport time and minute ventilation, went into calculation of mass of dust dissolved into mucus. The calculations indicated that the two alkaline dusts increased in equal molar amounts with time. At equal molar concentrations, they had, to a first approximation, equal chemesthetic magnitude. On the basis of mass concentration in air or dissolved into mucus, calcium oxide and sodium borate differed in potency by a factor just above five, equal to the difference in their molecular weights. This relationship could inform the setting of OELs for a critical effect of irritation.

Keywords:

• chemesthesis
• dosimetric model
• irritation
• mineral dust
• nasal secretion
• occupational exposure limits

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors thank Yves Alarie, Gunnar D. Nielsen, Robert Phalen, Frank Sullivan, and D.G. Wegman for advice and criticism during various stages of the work, and Jane Koenig for advice regarding the dome.

This study was supported by U.S. Borax, Inc.