Dermal Exposure and Urinary 1-Hydroxypyrene among Asphalt Roofing Workers

Abstract

The primary objective of this study was to identify significant determinants of dermal exposure to polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) among asphalt roofing workers and use urinary 1-hydroxyprene (1-OHP) measurements to evaluate the effect of dermal exposure on total absorbed dose. The study population included 26 asphalt roofing workers who performed three primary tasks: tearing off old roofs (tear-off), putting down new roofs (put-down), and operating the kettle at ground level (kettle). During multiple consecutive work shifts (90 workerdays), dermal patch samples were collected from the underside of each worker's wrists and were analyzed for PACs, pyrene, and benzo(a)pyrene (BAP). During the same work week, urine samples were collected at pre-shift, post-shift, and bedtime each day and were analyzed for 1-OHP (205 urine samples). Linear mixed effects models were used to evaluate the dermal measurements for the purpose of identifying important determinants of exposure, and to evaluate urinary 1-OHP measurements for the purpose of identifying important determinants of total absorbed dose. Dermal exposures to PAC, pyrene, and BAP were found to vary significantly by roofing task (tear-off > put-down > kettle) and by the presence of an old coal tar pitch roof (pitch > no pitch). For each of the three analytes, the adjusted mean dermal exposures associated with tear-off (812 ng PAC/cm ² , 14.9 ng pyrene/cm ² , 4.5 ng BAP/cm ² ) were approximately four times higher than exposures associated with operating the kettle (181 ng PAC/cm ² , 4.1 ng pyrene/cm ² , 1.1 ng BAP/cm ² ). Exposure to coal tar pitch was associated with a 6-fold increase in PAC exposure (p = 0.0005), an 8-fold increase in pyrene exposure (p < 0.0001), and a 35-fold increase in BAP exposure (p < 0.0001). Similarly, urinary 1-OHP levels were found to be significantly higher on days when an old pitch roof was removed, accounting for a 3.7-fold difference at pre-shift (p = 0.01), a 5.0-fold difference at post-shift (p = 0.004), and a 7.2-fold difference at bedtime (p = 0.002). The pyrene measurements obtained during the work shift were found to be strongly correlated with urinary 1-OHP measurements obtained at the end of that shift (r = 0.8, p < 0.001) as well as at bedtime (r = 0.7, p < 0.001). Ultimately, the results of a distributed lag model indicated that dermal exposure during the preceding 40 hours had a statistically significant effect on urinary 1-OHP.

The presence of coal tar pitch was the primary determinant of dermal exposure, particularly for exposure to BAP. However, the task-based differences that were observed while controlling for pitch suggest that exposure to asphalt also contributes to dermal exposures. We found that dermal exposure was a significant determinant of total absorbed dose, suggesting that control strategies aimed at reducing occupational exposure to PACs should include an effort to minimize dermal exposure.

Keywords:

• asphalt
• roofing
• dermal
• biomarkers
• exposure

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This study was supported by a grant from the National Cancer Institute (1R01-CA74413-01) titled, Identification and Control of Cancer Risks in Asphalt Workers.

Notes

^A Method limit of detection for PACs: LOD = 25 ng/cm².

^B Method limit of detection for pyrene: LOD = 2.4 ng/cm².

^C Method limit of detection for benzo(a)pyrene: LOD = 0.5 ng/cm².

^D Roof worker data represent full-shift exposures, wheres the tear-off and put-down data represent half-shift exposures.

^A Not significant in model but retained for consistency.

^B Marginally significant and retained in model.

^C Between-worker (σ²Bw) and within-worker (σ²ww) variance estimates from full model.

^D Between-worker (σ²BW) and within-worker (σ²ww) variance estimates from intercept-only model.

^A Pre-shift samples collected Monday morning following a weekend away from work.

^B Pre-shift samples collected throughout the workweek (excluding Mondays).