Exposure Data from Multi-Application, Multi-Industry Maintenance of Surfaces and Joints Sealed with Asbestos-Containing Gaskets and Packing

Abstract

Fluid sealing devices (gaskets and packing) containing asbestos are manufactured and blended with binders such that the asbestos fibers are locked in a matrix that limits the potential for fiber release. Occasionally, fluid sealing devices fail and need to be replaced or are removed during preventive maintenance activities. This is the first study known to pool over a decade's worth of exposure assessments involving fluid sealing devices used in a variety of applications. Twenty-one assessments of work activities and air monitoring were performed under conditions with no mechanical ventilation and work scenarios described as “worst-case” conditions. Frequently, the work was conducted using aggressive techniques, along with dry removal practices. Personal and area samples were collected and analyzed in accordance with the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Methods 7400 and 7402. A total of 782 samples were analyzed by phase contrast microscopy, and 499 samples were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. The statistical data analysis focused on the overall data sets which were personal full-shift time-weighted average (TWA) exposures, personal 30-min exposures, and area full-shift TWA values. Each data set contains three estimates of exposure: (1) total fibers; (2) asbestos fibers only but substituting a value of 0.0035 f/cc for censored data; and (3) asbestos fibers only but substituting the limit of quantification value for censored data. Censored data in the various data sets ranged from 7% to just over 95%. Because all the data sets were censored, the geometric mean and geometric standard deviation were estimated using the maximum likelihood estimation method. Nonparametric, Kaplan-Meier, and lognormal statistics were applied and found to be consistent and reinforcing. All three sets of statistics suggest that the mean and median exposures were less than 25% of 0.1 f/cc 8-hr TWA sample or 1.0 f/cc 30-min samples, and that there is at least 95% confidence that the true 95th percentile exposures are less than 0.1 f/cc as an 8-hr TWA.

Keywords:

• censored data
• chrysotile asbestos
• exposure assessment
• gaskets
• packing

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors wish to thank the numerous industrial hygiene and environmental professionals who worked on the various projects. The authors also extend thanks to the organizations that provided funding over the last decade for the underlying fiber release exposure assessments.

Funding for aspects of the testing described in this article was provided by a number of organizations, including Coltec, Viking Pumps, Waukesha Pumps, Weil-McLain, Victor/Dana, Caterpillar, and McCord. Some or all of the organizations that provided funding are involved as defendants in asbestos-related claims in litigation. None of these organizations influenced the exposure assessment protocols that were developed or conducted. All of the authors have testified as experts in cases involving asbestos.