Learning electric vehicle driver range anxiety with an initial state of charge-oriented gradient boosting approach

Abstract

This manuscript focuses on the modeling of electric vehicle (EV) driver’s range anxiety, a fear that a vehicle does not have sufficient range, or state of charge (SOC) of the battery pack, to reach its destination and would strand its occupants. Despite numerous research studies on the modeling of charging behaviors, modeling efforts to understand at what battery percentages do EV drivers charge their vehicles, and what are the associated contributing factors, are rather limited. To this end, an ensemble learning model based on gradient boosting is developed. The model sequentially fits new predictors to new residuals of the previous prediction and, then, minimizes the loss when adding the latest prediction. A total of 18 features are defined and extracted from the multisource data, which cover information on driver, vehicles, stations, traffic conditions, as well as spatial-temporal context information of the charging events. The analyzed dataset includes 4.5-year’s charging event log data from 3,096 users and 468 public charging stations in Kansas City Missouri, and the macroscopic travel demand model maintained by the metropolitan planning organization. The result shows the proposed model achieved a satisfactory result with a R square value of 0.54 and root mean square error of 0.14, both better than multiple linear regression model and random forest model. To reduce range anxiety, it is suggested that the priorities of deploying new charging facilities should be given to the areas with higher daily traffic prediction, with more conservative EV users or that are further from residential areas.

Keywords:

• Charging behavior
• electric vehicle
• ensemble learning
• mobility behavior
• state of charge (SOC)

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Additional information

Funding

This material is based upon work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy's (EERE) Vehicle Technologies Office under the Award Number DE-EE008474. The authors are also thankful for support from the Metropolitan Energy Center (MEC), the City of Kansas City Missouri (KCMO), Lilypad, Mid-America Regional Council (MARC), and Evergy (formerly Kansas City Power and Light Company (KCP&L)).