Modulation of macrophage functionality induced in vitro by chlorpyrifos and carbendazim pesticides

Abstract

The immune response is the first defense against pathogens; however, it is very sensitive and can be impacted on by agrochemicals such as carbamate and organophosphate pesticides widely present in the environment. To understand how pesticides can affect immune cell function in vitro, this study investigated the effects of chlorpyrifos (CPF) and carbendazim (CBZ), the most commonly used pesticides worldwide, on murine immune cell (i.e. macrophage) functions, including lysosomal enzyme activity and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNFα) and nitric oxide (NO) production by isolated mouse peritoneal macrophages. This study showed for the first time that CPF and CBZ dose-relatedly reduced macrophage lysosomal enzyme activity and LPS-induced production of IL-1β, TNFα and NO. In general, the effects caused by CPF appeared more pronounced than those by CBZ. Collectively, these results demonstrated that CPF and CBZ exhibited marked immunomodulatory effects and could act as potent immunosuppressive factors in vitro. This inhibition of macrophage pro-inflammatory function may be an integral part of the underlying mode of action related to pesticide-induced immunosuppression.

Keywords:

• Carbendazim
• chlorpyrifos
• cytokines
• immunosuppression
• immunotoxicity
• mice
• nitric oxide
• pesticides

Acknowledgments

The authors thank the Tunisian Ministry of Higher Education, Scientific Research and Technology for the financial support of this study.

Disclosure statement

The authors report no conflicts of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content of this manuscript.