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Abstract
Boston and New York were created through the consolidation of multiple local governments more than a century ago, in both cases by direct state action. Well-known modern city–county consolidations have included Indianapolis and Marion County, Jacksonville and Duval County in Florida, and Nashville and Davidson County in Tennessee. Louisville and Jefferson County, Kentucky, consolidated in 2003. Metropolitan governments created by state legislatures provide regional services around Portland, Oregon, and Minnesota’s Twin Cities, but cities and counties remain in both metro regions and continue to provide many local services. There have been recent discussions of possible city–county consolidation in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Charlotte, North Carolina; Columbia, South Carolina; and Pensacola, Florida.