Grey wolf optimization for optimum sizing and controlling of a PV/WT/BM hybrid energy system considering TNPC, LPSP, and LCOE concepts

ABSTRACT

In this study, energy demand of a faculty was aimed to supply with a hybrid energy system (HES) consisting of photovoltaic (PV) panels, wind turbine (WT) and bomass (BM) system with optimum power usage distribution and sized to reach a lowest cost and a reliable system. In this optimization, total net present cost (TNPC) for economic analysis, loss of power supply probability (LPSP) for reliability, and localized cost of energy (LCOE) for determining the unit energy cost were considered and an effective control algorithm was developed to decide the power source for improving system reliability. We used genetic algorithm (GA) and simulated annealing (SA), which are commonly used in the literature. On the other hand, we utilized the Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO), which was recently found out and inspired by the hierarchy and hunting instincts of grey wolves. The results of GWO algorithm were also compared with GA and SA and confirmed that GWO is satisfying. GWO achieved better results to solve problems by setting LPSP to both 0.02 and 0.01 upper limits. When LPSP set to 0.02 maximum point, GWO suggested PV system at 86.39 kW power and BG at 50 kW power. Consequently, the energy requirement of a faculty was supplied by an optimized and designed PV/WT/BM HES. In addition, by the installation of optimized system, 144.29 tons of CO₂ emissions per year will be reduced.

KEYWORDS:

• Genetic algorithm
• Grey Wolf Optimizer
• hybrid energy optimization
• loss of power supply probability
• simulated annealing
• total net present cost

Nomenclature

$A_{pv}$	=	surface area of PV panel
${\alpha }_{pv}$	=	investment cost of PV system
${\lambda }_{pv}$	=	escalation rate of PV system
${\delta }_{pv}$	=	salvage value of PV system
${\varphi }_{pv}$	=	annual operating and maintenance cost of the PV system
${\eta }_k$	=	efficiency of PV panel in datasheet
${\eta }_t$	=	efficiency of MPPT equipment
$B_t$t	=	emperature coefficient
$T_r$	=	reference temperature of PV panel
NOCT	=	nominal operating cell temperature
$A_{wt}$	=	sweeping area of WT
${\alpha }_{wt}$	=	investment cost of WT
${\lambda }_{wt}$	=	escalation rate of WT
${\delta }_{wt}$	=	salvage value of WT
${\varphi }_{wt}$	=	annual operating and maintenance cost of the WT
$P_{bg}$	=	power of biogas generator
${\alpha }_{bg}$	=	investment cost of biogas system
${\lambda }_{bg}$	=	escalation rate of biogas system
${\delta }_{bg}$	=	salvage value of biogas system
${\varphi }_{f,bg}$	=	annual fixed operation and maintenance cost of biogas system
${\varphi }_{v,bg}$	=	annual variable operation and maintenance cost of biogas plant
${\theta }_{3,bg}$	=	fuel cost of biogas system
${\eta }_{e,bg}$	=	electrical conversion efficiency of biogas generator
$LH{V}_{bg}$	=	lower heating value of biogas
$A_{pv}^{max}$	=	maximum area for PV panels
$A_{wt}^{max}$	=	maximum area for WT
$P_{bg}^{max}$	=	maximum power of biogas generator
$LPS{P}^{max}$	=	maximum loss of power supply probability
Ii	=	nterest rate
N	=	lifespan of project
$\mathrm{\Gamma }$	=	inflation rate

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Abdulsamed Tabak

Abdulsamed Tabak is an assistant professor in the Department of Mechatronics Engineering at Necmettin Erbakan University, Turkey. He obtained his BSc in Electrical and Electronics Engineering, MSc and Phd in Energy Systems Engineering. His research interests include renewable energy, micro grid control, hybrid systems.

Erhan Kayabasi

Erhan Kayabasi was born in Karabuk. He graduated Istanbul Technical University, Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering Department in 2009. He completed Master and PhD degree in Karabuk University. His master study was on Static Simuation of Heat Exchangers. He studied optimization of PV solar cell production steps in PhD study. He is assistant Professor in Mechanical Engineering Department in Karabuk University.

Muhammet Tahir Guneser

Muhammet Tahir Guneser was born in Turkey in 1975. He graduated Istanbul Technical University, Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering Department in 1999 and PhD. degree from Karabuk University Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department in 2015. His research interests are communication on sub-THz Frequencies, optimization and control systems, solar energy, energy management.

Mehmet Ozkaymak

Mehmet Ozkaymak is a professor in the Department of Energy Systems Engineering at Karabuk University, Turkey. He received his MSc and Phd from Gazi University, Turkey. His research interests are energy efficiency in industry, renewable energy sources, thermodynamic.