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ABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to review the potential of selective catalytic reduction (SCR), to find out alternative ways to obtain the same exhaust emission limit, and to reduce the exhaust emissions. This experimental study was performed to scrutinize the exhaust emission of heavy-duty diesel engine by using the SCR system fueled with diesel and oxygenated fuel additives. First, the effects of nanoparticles (NiO, SiO2, and Zn0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4) and fuel additives on exhaust emissions were investigated. Second, the average reduction of CO, HC, and NOx emissions was measured by urea solution and ammonium sulfate salt addition to urea solution.
Nomenclature
| HCCI | = | homogeneous charge compression ignition |
| LTC | = | low-temperature combustion |
| MK | = | modulated kinetics |
| CO2 | = | carbon dioxide |
| CI | = | compression ignition |
| SCR | = | selective catalytic reduction |
| VOC | = | volatile organic compounds |
| CC | = | carbonyl compounds |
| ESC | = | European steady-state cycle |
| ETC | = | European transient cycle |
| HC | = | hydrocarbons |
| NOx | = | nitrogen oxides |
| PM | = | particulate matter |
| IC | = | internal combustion |
| VGT | = | variable geometry turbine |
| EGR | = | exhaust gas recirculation |
| TiO2 | = | titanium oxide |
| NiO | = | nickel oxide |
| SiO2 | = | silicon oxide |
| Zn 0,5 Ni0,5 Fe2O4 | = | nickel zinc iron oxide |
| nm | = | nnometer |
| DEAL | = | diesel emission at low limit |
| NH3 | = | ammonium |
| Fe3O4 | = | ferrofluid |
| MnO | = | manganese oxide |
| CuO | = | copper oxide |
| CuCl2 | = | copper(II) chloride |
| CoCl2 | = | cobalt(II) chloride |
| FeCl3 | = | iron(III) chloride |
| CuSO4 | = | copper sulfate |
| Al | = | aluminum |
| Mg | = | magnesium |
| Zr | = | zirconium |
| Ti | = | titanium |
| Ni | = | nickel |
| Al2O3 | = | aluminum oxide |
| CO | = | carbon monoxide |
| NO | = | nitrogen oxide |
| NO2 | = | nitrogen dioxide |
| N2O | = | nitrous oxide |
| CH4 | = | methane |
| SO2 | = | sulfur dioxide |
| CH4N2O | = | urea |
| FTIR | = | Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy |
| OBD | = | on-board diagnostics |
| PPM | = | part per million |
| RPM | = | revolutions per minute |
| GHG | = | greenhouse gas |
| REACH | = | registration, evaluation, authorization and restriction of chemicals |
| UBHC | = | unburned hydrocarbons |
Acknowledgments
This work is supported by Republic of Turkey Ministry of Science, Industry and Technology. Project No: 01146.STZ.2011–2.