Placement of electric vehicle fast charging stations in distribution network considering power loss, land cost, and electric vehicle population

ABSTRACT

Recently, electric vehicles (EVs) gained tremendous attention from government agencies and the automotive industry due to lower CO₂ emissions, low maintenance, and operating costs. However, due to increasing EV penetration, the EV’s load affects the distribution network parameters like power loss, voltage profile, and harmonic distortion. Therefore, the proper placement of EV fast-charging stations (FCSs) is required for the reliability of the distribution network. Further, this paper proposes two-stage processes for the placement of FCSs. In the first stage, the charging station owner decision index (CSODI) has been introduced considering the land cost index (LCI) and electric vehicle flow index (EVFI). The CSODI has been formulated to minimize the land cost and maximize the EVs flow for FCSs placement. In the next stage, an optimization problem is formulated for minimizing the total active power loss by considering the distribution system operator (DSO) constraints. In addition, the minimization problem has been solved using the hybrid gray wolf optimization-particle swarm optimization (GWOPSO) algorithm. Therefore, the best possible locations were obtained by the GWOPSO with 198.93 kW power loss. Furthermore, the average 2.02% power loss for the GWOPSO technique is lower when compared to the PSO technique.

KEYWORDS:

• Fast-charging stations
• electric vehicle population
• land cost index
• gray wolf optimization
• optimal placement

List of symbols and abbreviations

Table

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by the Qatar National Research Fund [13S-0108-20008].

Notes on contributors

Fareed Ahmad

His master’s degree in Electrical Engineering (M.Tech) in specialization of instrumentation and control in 2016 from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India and Bachelor of Engineering (B.Tech) degree in Electrical Engineering from Gautama Buddha Technical University (GBTU), India in 2013. Currently, he is a Research Scholar (Ph.D. candidate) in the Electrical Engineering Department of Zakir Hussain College of Engineering & Technology at Aligarh Muslim University, India.

Atif Iqbal

Fellow IET (UK), Fellow IE (India) and Senior Member IEEE, Vice-Chair, IEEE Qatar section, DSc (Poland), PhD (UK)- Associate Editor, IEEE Trans. On Industrial Electronics, IEEE ACCESS, Editor-in-Chief, I’manager Journal of Electrical Engineering, Former Associate Editor IEEE Trans. On Industry Application, Former Guest Associate Editor IEEE Trans. On Power Electronics. Full Professor at the Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Qatar University and Former Full Professor at the Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Aligarh Muslim University (AMU), Aligarh, India. Recipient of Outstanding Faculty Merit Award academic year 2014-2015 and Research excellence awards 2015 and 2019 at Qatar University, Doha, Qatar. He received his B.Sc. (Gold Medal) and M.Sc. Engineering (Power System & Drives) degrees in 1991 and 1996, respectively, from the Aligarh Muslim University (AMU), Aligarh, India and PhD in 2006 from Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK. He obtained DSc (Habilitation) from Gdansk University of Technology in Control, Informatics and Electrical Engineering in 2019. He has been employed as a Lecturer in the Department of Electrical Engineering, AMU, Aligarh since 1991 where he served as Full Professor until Aug. 2016. He is recipient of Maulana Tufail Ahmad Gold Medal for standing first at B.Sc. Engg. (Electrical) Exams in 1991 from AMU. He has received several best research papers awards e.g. at IEEE ICIT-2013, IET-SEISCON-2013, SIGMA 2018, IEEE CENCON 2019, IEEE ICIOT 2020, ICSTEESD-20 and Springer ICRP 2020. He has published widely in International Journals and Conferences his research findings related to Power Electronics, Variable Speed Drives and Renewable Energy Sources. Dr. Iqbal has authored/co-authored more than 450 research papers and four books and several chapters in edited books. He has supervised several large R&D projects worth more than multi million USD. He has supervised and co-supervised several PhD students. His principal area of research interest is Smart Grid, Complex Energy Transition, Active Distribution Network, Electric Vehicles drivetrain, Sustainable Development and Energy Security, Distributed Energy Generation and multiphase motor drive system.

Imtiaz Ashraf

He was born in India in 1965. He received his B. Sc. Engg. and M.Sc. Engg. (Electrical Engineering) degrees in 1988 and 1993 respectively from Zakir Husain College of Engineering and Technology, Aligarh Muslim University (AMU), Aligarh, India. He received his Ph.D. degree from the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India in 2005. Presently he is a Professor and Chairman in Electrical Engineering Department, AMU, Aligarh, India. His area of interest is Energy Systems, Electrical Power Systems, Energetics, Economics and Environmental assessment of renewable energy sources.

Mousa Marzband

MOUSA MARZBAND (Senior Member, IEEE) received the Ph.D. degree in power system engineering from the Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), in 2014. Following that, he started a Postdoctoral Fellowship at the University of Manchester (UoM), and the University College Cork's Environmental Research Institute and Marine and Renewable Energy (MaREI) Ireland. Since August 2017, he has been appointed as an Assistant Professor (Lecturer) with the Department of Mathematical, Physics and Electrical Engineering, Northumbria University, the U.K., where he is currently a Senior Lecturer. In addition, he received the Distinguished Adjunct ProfessorAward from the Engineering School, King Abdulaziz University, in 2019.

Irfan Khan

(Member, IEEE) received a Ph.D. degree in electrical and computer engineering from Carnegie Mellon University, USA. He is currently an Assistant Professor of Practice with the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Texas A&M University (TAMU), TX, USA. He has published more than 20 refereed journal and conference papers in smart energy systems-related areas. His current research interests include control and optimization of smart energy networks, optimization of energy storage systems, DC microgrids, smart grids, and renewable energy resources. He is a member of PES. He is the Vice-Chair for the IEEE PES Joint Chapter of Region 5 Galveston Bay Section (GBS), where his responsibilities are to organize presentations, invite renowned experts from power and energy background for presentations to GBS members. He is the Registration Chair at the IEEE sponsored International Symposium on Measurement and Control in Robotics that was organized at the University of Houston Clear Lake on September 19–21, 2019. He is an active Reviewer of many esteemed journals and conferences, including the IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, the IEEE Transactions on Smart Grids, IEEE Access, the IEEE Transactions on Industry Application Systems, IET Smart Grids, Electrical Power Components and Systems, and Energies