Optimization of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using α-Fe₂O₃/HAP catalyst via simultaneous esterification-transesterification reaction

ABSTRACT

The study aimed to optimize a waste-cooking oil-based biodiesel production process using α-Fe₂O₃/Hydroxyapatite (HAP) catalyst from natural iron sand and phosphate rocks. The parameters investigated in this study were reaction temperature, methanol:WCO molar ratio, and catalyst weight. Response surface methodology (RSM) with central composite design (CCD) was used to design the experiment, and a model in the form of a quadratic equation was later generated based on the investigated parameters and the observed biodiesel yield response. The model was subjected to ANOVA analysis to determine its validity and the influence of the investigated parameters on the observed response. The results showed that the catalyst weight was the only parameter significantly influencing the biodiesel yield, although the reaction temperature was concluded to be borderline significant. The optimal reaction condition suggested was 70°C reaction temperature with 3.68%w/w catalyst weight and 10.47 mol/mol methanol:WCO molar ratio to achieve 93.96% biodiesel yield.

KEYWORDS:

• ANOVA analysis
• biodiesel
• catalyst
• α-Fe₂O₃/Hydroxyapatite
• response surface methodology

Acknowledgments

This research was supported and funded by the Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education of Republic of Indonesia, World Class Research Universitas Diponegoro (Grant no. 118-25/UN7.6.1/PP/2021)

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by the Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education of Republic of Indonesia, Word Class Research Universitas Diponegoro (Grant no. 118-25/UN7.6.1/PP/2021).