https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3417-3463
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ABSTRACT
The current investigation is to determine the influence of graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) in Water Diesel Emulsified Fuel (WDEF) of a compression ignition (CI) engine by changing injection timing (IT). The WDEF includes 94% diesel, 5% water, and 1% QPAN-80 and is referred to as D94W5Q1. For better stability, GNPs are added to D94W5Q1 at different doses (30, 60, and 90 ppm) utilizing ultrasonication, and the samples are referred to D94W5Q1-GNPs30, D94W5Q1-GNPs60, and D94W5Q1-GNPs90. The samples were run on a diesel engine at a uniform speed, fixed compression ratio (CR), and IT of 1500 rpm, 18:1, and 23°bTDC. The lower emissions of hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxide (NOx), and smoke were observed to be 61.72, 51.16, 48.45, and 25.51%, respectively, and enhanced Brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of 1.95% resulted for D94W5Q1-GNPs60, which is determined as an optimum blend. This optimum blend was evaluated further at various ITs of 19, 21, 23, and 25°bTDC, and the experimental values demonstrated higher BTE, in-cylinder pressure (CP), and heat release rate (HRR) of 3.49, 9.13, and 4.64% respectively, and reduced Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) of 3.08%. Furthermore, the emissions were decreased for HC, CO, and smoke by 5.84, 22, and 8.91%, respectively, but the NOx value was raised by 3.01% at 25°bTDC. Finally, the D94W5Q1-GNPs60 blend at advanced IT enhances the overall engine performance.
Nomenclature
| ASTM | = | American Standard Testing Method |
| bTDC | = | before Top Dead Center |
| BTE | = | Brake Thermal Efficiency |
| BSFCBWDEFBWEF | = | Brake Specific Fuel Consumption Biodiesel Water diesel emulsified fuel Biodiesle-Water Emulsified Fuel |
| CI | = | Compression Ignition |
| CP | = | Cylinder pressure |
| CR | = | Compression Ratio |
| CRDI | = | Common Rail Direct Injection |
| CV | = | Calorific Value |
| CO | = | Carbon monoxide |
| D94W5Q1 | = | 94% diesel, 5% water, and 1% QPAN-80 |
| D94W5Q1-GNPs30 | = | 94% diesel, 5% water, and 1% QPAN-80 with 30 ppm GNPs |
| D94W5Q1-GNPs60 | = | 94% diesel, 5% water, and 1% QPAN-80 with 60 ppm GNPs |
| D94W5Q1-GNPs90 | = | 94% diesel, 5% water, and 1% QPAN-80 with 90 ppm GNPs |
| FESEM | = | Field emission Scanning Electron Microscope |
| FTIR | = | Forier transform infrared |
| GNPs | = | Graphene Nanoplatelets |
| HC | = | Hydrocarbons |
| HRR | = | Heat Release Rate |
| IT | = | Injection Timing |
| IP | = | Injection Pressure |
| LCANOx | = | Life Cycle Analysis Nitrogen Oxide |
| WDEF | = | Water Diesel Emulsified Fuel |
Acknowledgements
The authors sincerely thank the Department of Mechanical Engineering, GITAM School Technology, Visakhapatnam Campus, for providing laboratory facilities to conduct the research work. The authors also thank the Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility (SAIF), IIT Bombay, for the analysis of the sample.
Disclosure statement
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Additional information
Notes on contributors
Gandhi Pullagura
Mr. Gandhi Pullagura is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at GITAM Deemed to be University, Visakhapatnam, A.P. In June 2011, he received his Post Graduation from the National Institute of Technology in Rourkela, Odisha. He published SCI/WoS/Scopus Indexed Journals in various Reputed and High impact Journals. He Authored 3 Books in the area of Alternative fuels and Nano Technology. He has 12 Years of teaching experience. His research interests cover Alternative fuels, Nano additives, and Fuel cell.
Srinivas Vadapalli
Dr. Srinivas Vadapalli is working as Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, (GITAM Deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam, INDIA. He has a rich experience in teaching and Researcher and published a good number of journals and Patents.
Prasad V.V.S
Dr. Prasad V.V.S is working as Professor in the Department of Marine Engineering, (Andhra University), Visakhapatnam, INDIA. He has a rich experience in teaching and Researcher and published a good number of journals and Patents.
Joga Rao Bikkavolu
Mr. Joga Rao Bikkavolu is an Associate Professor in the Mechanical Engineering Department, GIET(A), Rjy. He received his M. Tech from NIT-Trichy in the year of 2010. He has 12 Years of Teaching experience, which includes 2 years of research. He published 25 research articles, 2 books, and filed a patent in various reputed journals. His Research Interests include: Alternative fuels, Nano additives, Bio-Lubricants, and Emission reduction techniques.
Kodanda Rama Rao Chebattina
Dr. Kodanda Rama Rao Chebattina is working as Assistant Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, (GITAM Deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam, INDIA. He has a rich experience in teaching and Researcher and published a good number of journals.