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ABSTRACT
The rising population has increased the demand for food, thus increasing the production of agricultural waste. However, the use of biogas offers clean energy through proper agricultural waste management. This study aimed to develop a sustainable framework for biogas production using agricultural waste in northern Iraq. The farmers’ willingness to participate in supplying agricultural waste to the biogas plant was assessed. In addition, suitable locations were identified for waste collection to set up biogas facilities using a general model. The established biogas plant with 71,790 m3 digester volume could treat 327,500 m3 of waste every yr and generate 17,960,000 m3/yr of biogas. Finally, a net present value of 7,603,000 USD was obtained, resulting in a 26.11% internal rate of return with a payback period of less than 4 yrs, with an estimated biogas production value of 0.0689 USD/m3, and the levelized cost of energy value of 0.0796 USD/kWh. These findings offer valuable insights for policymakers, farmers, and stakeholders in the biogas industry, facilitating the adoption of sustainable and renewable energy solutions in countries with similar conditions.
Abbreviation
| AW | = | Agricultural waste |
| GHG | = | Greenhouse gas emissions |
| WTP | = | Farmers’ willingness to participate |
| SI | = | Suitability index |
| AHP | = | Analytic hierarchy process |
| SL | = | Feedstock slurry |
| RT | = | Retention time |
| DM | = | Dry matter |
| CO | = | Concentration |
| FQ | = | Feedstock quality |
| OLR | = | Organic loading rate |
| AG | = | Amount of biogas |
| BY | = | Biogas yield |
| VD | = | Digester volume |
| BFY | = | Bio-fertilizer yield |
| NPV | = | Net present value |
| IRR | = | Internal rate of return |
| SPP | = | Simple payback period |
| LCC | = | Life cycle cost |
| LCOE | = | Levelized cost of energy |
| O&M | = | Operation and maintenance |
| BOF | = | Biogas of production |
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
Additional information
Funding
Notes on contributors
Nabaz Mohammedali Rasool
Nabaz Mohammedali Rasool received his bachelor’s degree in physics science from Salahaddin University in 2009. After that, He worked at the Ministry of Transport and Communications. Then he obtained his master’s degree in physics engineering from Gaziantep University in 2013. He is currently a PhD student in energy engineering systems at Cyprus International University. His field of interest is biogas production plant.
Serkan Abbasoğlu
Serkan Abbasoğlu is a full Professor of Energy Systems at Cyprus International University, where he has been working in the Department/Faculty of Engineering since 2009. His research interests include renewable energy systems, natural resource economics, and policy. He obtained his PhD from Eastern Mediterranean University in 2006. He received his MSc. and BSc. from Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi in 1999 and 1997, respectively.
Mehrshad Radmehr
Mehrshad Radmehr is an assistant Professor of Economics at Cyprus International University, where she has been working in the Department/Faculty of Economics since 2017. Prior to this, she worked at various universities in Cyprus and in the country of Georgia. Her research interests include environmental valuation and welfare, natural resource economics, and policy. She obtained her PhD in Environmental Economics from Newcastle University, UK. She received her MSc. from Eastern Mediterranean University in 2007 and her BSc. from Tehran Markaz University in 1997.