Real-world charging behavior and preferences of electric vehicles users in Germany

Abstract

As energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions in the transport sector have increased continuously in recent years, electric vehicles have become a potential solution to achieve environmental goals in this sector. The uptake of electric vehicle is strongly dependent on sufficient charging infrastructure. While much research has been conducted on electric vehicle charging simulations and projections, there is a research gap on real-world charging by actual users. Therefore, we conducted a survey on charging behavior and preferences in Germany in 2020 with around 4,000 electric vehicle users. The survey included a stated choice experiment and a willingness-to-pay-analysis. We found that participants’ charging behavior is dominated by home charging and that public infrastructure is perceived to be insufficient. Next to charging prices, measures of comfort through the occupancy rate of charging infrastructure and additional waiting time are driving factors when making the decision to charge. Participants specified an acceptable time for additional walking distances when parking at charging facilities between 5 and 10 minutes. High abstention rates in answering some questions indicate the need for sufficient education strategies considering existing and new charging technologies. Drivers with high annual mileage and battery electric vehicle users are willing to pay more for additional charging power. Users are open to smart charging, as long as flexibility for spontaneous trips is maintained. This research offers timely insights into real-world charging behavior and preferences, while providing recommendations for the future roll out of charging infrastructure in Germany.

Keywords:

• Charging infrastructure
• charging behavior
• charging preferences
• electric vehicles
• stated-preference
• survey

Authors’ contributions

J. E. Anderson: Conceptualization; Funding acquisition; Investigation; Methodology; Project administration; Resources; Supervision; Validation; Writing—original draft, review and editing. M. Bergfeld: Data curation of stated choice data, Methodology for the evaluation of stated choice data, Formal Analysis and Validation of the stated choice part of the survey, Software, Visualization, Writing—original draft and editing of stated choice part. D.M. Nguyen: Data curation for general survey part, Formal Analysis and Validation of the general survey, Software, Visualization, Writing—original draft and editing of general survey. F. Steck: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Software.

Notes

1 Bundesnetzagentur: Federal Network Agency.

2 Ladesäulenverordnunug: Regulation on minimum technical requirements for the safe and interoperable installation and operation of recharging points accessible to the public for electric vehicles.

Additional information

Funding

The research was conducted within two research projects (EVer and BEniVer). The project EVer (“Energy and transportation”) was funded as an internal research grant within the German Aerospace Center (Funding number 2837034). BEniVer (“Accompanying research on the energy transition in transportation”) was financed by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (Funding number 3021213).