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ABSTRACT
Glycosylated materials have attracted special attention in biomedical field because of the unique properties of the individual carbohydrates in recognition mechanisms in many biological events. Sugar residues decorating a polymer surface can be regarded as multivalent ligands for interaction with various glycoproteins. This phenomenon provides the basis for several biomedical applications; of these, ligand-based targeted therapy is the most frequently cited. Materials functionalized with individual carbohydrates can be used for the selective binding of lectin proteins. Carbohydrate–lectin interactions underpin the development of diverse biosensor devices and bioassays aimed at pathogen detection. Because of the high content of hydroxyl groups and the consequent high hydrophilicity, saccharide-based monomers are perfect candidates for incorporation into hydrogels. Such functionalization allows synthetic materials to acquire unique properties and enhance their performance. This review covers developments over the past 15 years in the field of the synthesis of chemically crosslinked nano-, micro- and bulk hydrogels with covalently incorporated mono-, di- or trisaccharides. A brief view on the potential biomedical applications of these unique hydrogels is provided with particular emphasis on carriers for delivery of bioactive molecules, bioactivated materials for cell culture and tissue engineering as well as capture systems for pathogenic microorganisms.
Abbreviations
| Abbrev. | = | Monomer/Polymer |
| AA | = | Acrylic acid |
| AAm | = | Acrylamide |
| AAmGA | = | 2-Acrylamidoglycolic acid |
| AEMAAm | = | 2-(Aminoethyl) methacrylamide |
| APMAAm | = | 3-(Aminopropyl) methacrylamide |
| DADMAC | = | Diallyldimethylammonium chloride |
| DEAEMA | = | 2-(Diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate |
| DEGMA | = | Di(ethylene glycol)methylether methacrylate |
| DMAAm | = | N,N-Dimethylacrylamide |
| HEAAm | = | N-hydroxyethyl acrylamide |
| HEMA | = | 2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate |
| HPMAAm | = | 2-(Hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide |
| MAA | = | Methacrylic acid |
| MMA | = | Methylmethacrylate |
| NIPAAm | = | N-Isopropylacrylamide |
| NIPMAAm | = | N-Isopropylmethacrylamide |
| NVP | = | N-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone |
| mPEG | = | Poly(ethylene glycol) monomethyl ether |
| PEG | = | Poly(ethylene glycol) |
| PEGA | = | Mixture of amino-PEG-acrylamide and PEG-diacrylamide |
| PEGMA | = | Poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate |
| PFPA | = | Pentafluorophenyl acrylate |
| PLL-g-Lipo | = | Lipoic acid-grafted-poly(L-lysine) |
| PPE | = | Polyphosphoesters |
| SBMA | = | Sulfobetaine methacrylate |
| TBAAm | = | N-tert-Butylacrylamide |
| TMAEM | = | 2-(Methacryloyloxy)ethyltrimethyl-ammonium chloride |
| VCL | = | N-Vinylcaprolactam |
| Abbrev. | = | Catalyst |
| CDI | = | 1,1-Carbonyldiimidazole |
| EDC | = | 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide |
| NHS | = | N-hydroxysuccinimide |
| PyBOP | = | (Benzotriazol-1-yloxy)tripyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluorophosphate |
| TEA | = | Triethylamine |
| Abbrev. | = | Crosslinker |
| BAC | = | N,N'-Bis(acryloyl)cystamine |
| DAEP | = | 2,2’-Bis(aminoethoxy)propane |
| DMAEP | = | 2,2’-Bis(methacroyloxyethoxy)propane |
| DEGDMA | = | Dithylene glycol dimethacrylate |
| DTT | = | Dithiothreitol |
| DVS | = | Divinyl sulfone |
| EDTAD | = | Ethylenediaminetetraacetic dianhydride |
| EGDMA | = | Ethylene glycol dimethacrylate |
| HDD | = | 1,6-Hexandiol diacrylate |
| HPD | = | 1,6-Hexandiol propoxylatediacrylate |
| MBMAAm | = | N,N'-Methylene-bis-(methacrylamide) |
| MBAAm | = | N,N'-Methylene-bis-(acrylamide) |
| PEGDA | = | Poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate |
| PEGDAAm | = | Poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylamide |
| PEGDMA | = | Poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate |
| spiro | = | 3,9-Divinyl-2,4,8,10-tetraoxispiro-[5,5]-undecane |
| SSDP | = | 3,4-dithio-1,6-diyl bis(ethylene phosphate) |
| TEGDMA | = | Tetra(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate |
| TEGDP | = | 3,6-Dioxaoctan-1,8-diyl bis(ethylene phosphate) |
| TGM-13 | = | Tridecaethylene glycol dimethacrylate |
| TMPE-TL | = | Trimethylolpropane ethoxylate thiolactate |
| TPGDA | = | Tripropyleneglycol diacrylate |
| TRGDMA | = | Ethane-1, 2-diylbis (oxyethane-21-diyl)-bis-(2-methylacrylate) |
| Abbrev. | = | Smart property |
| Glc-R | = | Glucose responsive |
| GSH-R | = | Glutathione sensitive |
| pH-R | = | pH-responsive |
| T-R | = | Thermoresponsive |
| Abbrev. | = | Small molecule and macromolecule |
| ASGPR | = | Asialoglycoprotein receptor |
| BSA | = | Bovine serum albumin |
| ConA | = | Concanavalin A |
| DOX | = | Doxorubicin |
| GLUT | = | Glucose transporter |
| GSH | = | Glutathione |
| HRP | = | Horseradish peroxidase |
| pDNA | = | Plazmid DNA |
| siRNA | = | Small interfering RNA |