Environmentally preferable two-stage drainage channels: considerations for cohesive sediments and conveyance

Abstract

Design of environmentally preferable agricultural drainage channels calls for an improved understanding of cohesive sediment processes. Flow and cohesive sediments were investigated in a new demonstration and test channel where a floodplain was excavated on one side of the existing channel to improve flood conveyance. In this approach, the existing, naturally recovered channel was mostly left intact to reduce environmental impacts. Continuous monitoring of discharge and suspended sediment concentration (SSC) during 1 year revealed that the construction work of the two-stage channel caused 2% of the annual suspended sediment (SS) load. Agricultural areas covering 13% of the catchment were estimated to contribute over half of the annual SS, predominantly during the rising stages. Seasonal positive hysteresis was found in SSC which was explained by different drainage efficiencies of two distinct sediment sources. The temporally varying shares of the two sources caused scatter in the rating curves between discharge and SSC or SS load. Out-of-channel processes were shown to govern the amount and timing of the SS input into the channel, indicating that environmentally preferable agricultural channel design should consider the cohesive sediment processes and sources at the catchment scale.

Keywords:

• Drainage channels
• cohesive sediment
• suspended sediment
• hysteresis
• flood conveyance

Acknowledgements

The research was funded by the Academy of Finland, Maa- ja vesitekniikan tuki ry, and Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. The authors thank Matti Keto, Antti Louhio, Jyrki Nurminen, Aino Peltola, Tero Niemi and Pertti Hyvönen for their help in the field and laboratory investigation. The cooperation with the Uusimaa Centre for Economic Development, Transport and the Environment, and the Water Protection Association of the River Vantaanjoki and Helsinki Region is acknowledged.