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ABSTRACT
The failure of a levee system may lead to an increase in the loads on other levee systems. The associated domino effect may strongly influence the risk of flooding. This is particularly relevant for risk assessments that are carried out for individual levee systems rather than groups of levee systems. This article presents a simplified method for including these effects in quantitative risk analyses and illustrates the importance of doing so with a case study from the Netherlands. The risk of flooding in the densely populated, western part of the country appears to be strongly influenced by domino effects. Ignoring these effects would lead us to significantly underestimate the risk of flooding. It would also lead to erroneous conclusions about the effectiveness of particular risk management actions and the efficacy of strongly differentiated safety standards.
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to acknowledge all those involved in the VNK2 project for their contributions to the work on which this paper rests. These include the Dutch Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment, the water boards, the Provinces, the engineering consultancies that carried out the risk analyses (Arcadis, DHV, IV-Infra, Fugro, Greenrivers, Grontmij, HKV Consultants, Hydrologic, Infram, Jongejan RMC, Lievense, Oranjewoud, Royal Haskoning, RPS, Tauw, and Witteveen+Bos), the Expertise Network for Flood Protection (ENW), and the research institutes that provided valuable technical support and that laid the foundations of the VNK2 methodology: TNO, Deltares, and Delft University of Technology.